the immune system 1 E2 Flashcards
what is the immune system comprised of?
1) innate immune system
2) adaptive immune system
3) combination of both system
innate immune system type of cells
monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells
adaptive immune system type of cells
B cells, T cells
list the hematopoietic stem cells
- neutrophils
- monocytes and macrophages
- eosinophils
- basophils and mast cells
- erythrocytes + thrombocytes
- lymphocytes (B + T lymphocytes)
neutrophils
- classification
- function
- classified as phagocytes and granulocytes
- during acute inflammation they:
1) increase in #s
2) first to arrive to scene
3) are a VIP in defense against pus-forming bacteria
what cells are granulocytes [cells with smol protein granules]?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Monocytes + macrophages
- monocyte structure and origin
- function
- bilobed nucleus that originates from the bone marrow
- against infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues —> turn into macrophages
- macrophages clean after neutrophils, kill any damaged [not dead] bacteria, aged RBCs, dead neutrophils
Eosinophils
type of cell
function
- granulocyte cell that releases
——-histamine (vasodilation)
——-heparin (anticoagulant)
——-cytokines (anti-inflammatory) - release during allergic reactions, surround pathogens that r too big for macrophages and neutrophils
basophils and mast cells
type of cell?
function?
basophils - granulocytes involved in allergic reactions
mast cells- have granules that contain histamine [vasodilation], involved in allergic responses, anaphylaxis, wound healing
function: increase blood supply by recruiting more phagocytes
erythrocytes and thrombocytes
type of cells
function
Erythrocyte: RBCs
Thrombocytes: platelet
- movement and removal of antigens, antibodies, and parts of complement system
- platelets: thrombosis and hemostasis
lymphocytes [b & t cells]
- B lymphocytes: maturation site and function
- T lymphocytes: maturation site and function
B lymphocytes
- mature in the bone marrow.
- produce antibodies to neutralize invading pathogens
T cells
- Produced in the bone marrow.
- Mature in the thymus.
- Two types
1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells
Natural Killer Cells
-maturation site
- function
- maturation site blood and spleen
- function: kill the cells infected with viruses, microbe-infected cells, tumor cells
how to natural killer cells kill?
[4 steps]
1) localize infected tissue in response to cytokine’s inflammatory response
2) release cytotoxic granules that create pores and activate death cascade
3) release more cytokines to hire macrophages
4) start adaptive immunity
phagocytes function and types*
- function: swallow pathogens and kill to protect against infection types
1) neutrophils : granulocytes
- lifespan: 2-3 days
2) monocytes: non-granulocytes
- lifespan: months or years - if phagocytic leukocytes decrease u are vulnerable to infections [radiotherapy and chemotherapy]
antigen
An antigen is a molecule or foreign substance that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor, triggering an immune response in the body.
major histocompatibility complex
a group of genes that encode proteins on the surface of cells that are crucial for the immune system to recognize “self” from “non-self” by presenting antigens to T cells
who are the antigen presenting cells?
who do they present them to?
what class?
1) macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
2) present them to T cells (CD4+)
3) MHC class 2
MHC Class I *
can be recognized by cytotoxic C8+ cells
MHC Class II *
can be recognized by helper T cells CD4+
first line of defense is composed of
1) innate immunity
2) external defenses
3) internal defenses
innate immunity
is part of what line of defense?
function?
part of first line of defense
▪ Capable of resolving most threats.
▪ Comprised of early host defense mechanisms
external defenses
is part of what line of defense?
function?
▪ Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that provide protection against invaders.
▪ Skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, cerumen, tears, saliva.
internal defenses are part of?
composed of?
- first line of defense
▪ Soluble factors (complement system, cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins)
▪ Cellular components (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells)
Second Line of Defense:
- vasodilation to increase blood flow for diapedesis
- plasma protein system [clotting, complement, kinin systems]
Immunoglobulins -
antibodies produced by B cells
IgM
first to be excreted predominantly in initial response
IgG
major antibacterial and antiviral in blood, in secondary defense
IgA
protectant of external surfaces, in serums and secretions
IgE
low levels of blood, found during allergic reactions, have high affinity to mast cells and basophils
IgD
low levels of blood, serve as a antigen receptor in B cells
Cell Mediated Immunity function
destruction of microbes that were able to survive in infected cells
cell mediated immunity responsibility
responsible for rejection of transplanted tissue and autoimmune deficiency
immunologic memory
- what cells help with this
basis for vaccination
*memory T cells differentiate into effectors (CD8+ cells) that can respond more rapidly with heightened immune responses
cell mediated immunity type of cells
- helper T cells
- cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- regulatory T lymphocytes
regulatory T lymphocyte function
prevent inappropriate responses against self antigens of the host
humoral immunity
- antibodies secreted by B cells present in body fluids, effective against free floating organisms
- B cell development
Which of the following are large granular lymphocyte cells that do not express antigen-specific receptors?
natural killer cells
Which of the following membrane proteins function to present antigenic peptides for recognition by T cells?
Major histocompatibility complex molecules
What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat?
Acquired immunity
Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity?
vaccination
Which of the following cells live the longest?
monocytes
Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucus membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as saliva, breast milk, urine, and tears?
IgA
What type of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule combines fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized, pinocytosed, or endocytosed from the extracellular environment?
MHC class II
Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response?
urine
Which of the following is TRUE for antibodies?
The fragment antigen-binding (Fab fragment) is the portion of an antibody that binds to antigens.
Which of the following is called CD8+ T cells?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Which phase of the immune response is characterized by the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms?
Effector phase
After intense exercise of long duration, the concentration of natural killer cells and natural cytolytic activity decline below preexercise values. Maximal reduction in natural killer cell concentrations and lower natural killer cell activity occur _____ hours after exercise.
2-4 hours
When HIV enters the body, what cells serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus, allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells?
CD4 cells and macrophages
At what stage will an individual with HIV disease develop Kaposi sarcoma?
Advanced HIV disease
Which of the following is true when describing the factors affecting the immunocompromised person?
Reusable equipment can be one of the common reservoirs
What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response to the allergen?
Type IV (Cell-Mediated Immunity) Hypersensitivity
What type of immunologic hypersensitivity would cause the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis?
Type I (IgE-mediated or Immediate Type) Hypersensitivity
Which of following is true for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Mild symptoms can be managed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to relieve muscle and joint pain while reducing tissue inflammation
Which of the following is the avenue for HIV transmission?
All the above
CD4+ T cells produce different cytokines that modulate the immune system and help it to mount effective responses against foreign invaders. Which of the following is NOT the primary functions of CD4+ T cells?
produce antibody
