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6014 Internal Med > the immune system 1 E2 > Flashcards

the immune system 1 E2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system comprised of?

A

1) innate immune system
2) adaptive immune system
3) combination of both system

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2
Q

innate immune system type of cells

A

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

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3
Q

adaptive immune system type of cells

A

B cells, T cells

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4
Q

list the hematopoietic stem cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes and macrophages
  • eosinophils
  • basophils and mast cells
  • erythrocytes + thrombocytes
  • lymphocytes (B + T lymphocytes)
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5
Q

neutrophils
- classification
- function

A
  • classified as phagocytes and granulocytes
  • during acute inflammation they:
    1) increase in #s
    2) first to arrive to scene
    3) are a VIP in defense against pus-forming bacteria
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6
Q

what cells are granulocytes [cells with smol protein granules]?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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7
Q

Monocytes + macrophages

  • monocyte structure and origin
  • function
A
  • bilobed nucleus that originates from the bone marrow
  • against infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues —> turn into macrophages
  • macrophages clean after neutrophils, kill any damaged [not dead] bacteria, aged RBCs, dead neutrophils
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8
Q

Eosinophils
type of cell
function

A
  • granulocyte cell that releases
    ——-histamine (vasodilation)
    ——-heparin (anticoagulant)
    ——-cytokines (anti-inflammatory)
  • release during allergic reactions, surround pathogens that r too big for macrophages and neutrophils
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9
Q

basophils and mast cells

type of cell?
function?

A

basophils - granulocytes involved in allergic reactions

mast cells- have granules that contain histamine [vasodilation], involved in allergic responses, anaphylaxis, wound healing

function: increase blood supply by recruiting more phagocytes

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10
Q

erythrocytes and thrombocytes
type of cells
function

A

Erythrocyte: RBCs
Thrombocytes: platelet

  • movement and removal of antigens, antibodies, and parts of complement system
  • platelets: thrombosis and hemostasis
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11
Q

lymphocytes [b & t cells]
- B lymphocytes: maturation site and function

  • T lymphocytes: maturation site and function
A

B lymphocytes
- mature in the bone marrow.
- produce antibodies to neutralize invading pathogens

T cells
- Produced in the bone marrow.
- Mature in the thymus.
- Two types
1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

Natural Killer Cells
-maturation site
- function

A
  • maturation site blood and spleen
  • function: kill the cells infected with viruses, microbe-infected cells, tumor cells
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13
Q

how to natural killer cells kill?
[4 steps]

A

1) localize infected tissue in response to cytokine’s inflammatory response
2) release cytotoxic granules that create pores and activate death cascade
3) release more cytokines to hire macrophages
4) start adaptive immunity

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14
Q

phagocytes function and types*

A
  • function: swallow pathogens and kill to protect against infection types
    1) neutrophils : granulocytes
    - lifespan: 2-3 days
    2) monocytes: non-granulocytes
    - lifespan: months or years
  • if phagocytic leukocytes decrease u are vulnerable to infections [radiotherapy and chemotherapy]
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15
Q

antigen

A

An antigen is a molecule or foreign substance that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor, triggering an immune response in the body.

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16
Q

major histocompatibility complex

A

a group of genes that encode proteins on the surface of cells that are crucial for the immune system to recognize “self” from “non-self” by presenting antigens to T cells

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17
Q

who are the antigen presenting cells?
who do they present them to?
what class?

A

1) macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
2) present them to T cells (CD4+)
3) MHC class 2

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18
Q

MHC Class I *

A

can be recognized by cytotoxic C8+ cells

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19
Q

MHC Class II *

A

can be recognized by helper T cells CD4+

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20
Q

first line of defense is composed of

A

1) innate immunity
2) external defenses
3) internal defenses

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21
Q

innate immunity
is part of what line of defense?
function?

A

part of first line of defense
▪ Capable of resolving most threats.
▪ Comprised of early host defense mechanisms

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22
Q

external defenses
is part of what line of defense?
function?

A

▪ Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that provide protection against invaders.
▪ Skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, cerumen, tears, saliva.

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23
Q

internal defenses are part of?
composed of?

A
  • first line of defense
    ▪ Soluble factors (complement system, cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins)
    ▪ Cellular components (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells)
24
Q

Second Line of Defense:

A
  • vasodilation to increase blood flow for diapedesis
  • plasma protein system [clotting, complement, kinin systems]
25
Q

Immunoglobulins -

A

antibodies produced by B cells

26
Q

IgM

A

first to be excreted predominantly in initial response

27
Q

IgG

A

major antibacterial and antiviral in blood, in secondary defense

28
Q

IgA

A

protectant of external surfaces, in serums and secretions

29
Q

IgE

A

low levels of blood, found during allergic reactions, have high affinity to mast cells and basophils

30
Q

IgD

A

low levels of blood, serve as a antigen receptor in B cells

31
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity function

A

destruction of microbes that were able to survive in infected cells

32
Q

cell mediated immunity responsibility

A

responsible for rejection of transplanted tissue and autoimmune deficiency

33
Q

immunologic memory

  • what cells help with this
A

basis for vaccination
*memory T cells differentiate into effectors (CD8+ cells) that can respond more rapidly with heightened immune responses

34
Q

cell mediated immunity type of cells

A
  1. helper T cells
  2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  3. regulatory T lymphocytes
35
Q

regulatory T lymphocyte function

A

prevent inappropriate responses against self antigens of the host

36
Q

humoral immunity

A
  1. antibodies secreted by B cells present in body fluids, effective against free floating organisms
  2. B cell development
37
Q

Which of the following are large granular lymphocyte cells that do not express antigen-specific receptors?

A

natural killer cells

38
Q

Which of the following membrane proteins function to present antigenic peptides for recognition by T cells?

A

Major histocompatibility complex molecules

39
Q

What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat?

A

Acquired immunity

40
Q

Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity?

A

vaccination

41
Q

Which of the following cells live the longest?

A

monocytes

42
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucus membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as saliva, breast milk, urine, and tears?

A

IgA

43
Q

What type of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule combines fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized, pinocytosed, or endocytosed from the extracellular environment?

A

MHC class II

44
Q

Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response?

A

urine

45
Q

Which of the following is TRUE for antibodies?

A

The fragment antigen-binding (Fab fragment) is the portion of an antibody that binds to antigens.

46
Q

Which of the following is called CD8+ T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

47
Q

Which phase of the immune response is characterized by the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms?

A

Effector phase

48
Q

After intense exercise of long duration, the concentration of natural killer cells and natural cytolytic activity decline below preexercise values. Maximal reduction in natural killer cell concentrations and lower natural killer cell activity occur _____ hours after exercise.

A

2-4 hours

49
Q

When HIV enters the body, what cells serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus, allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells?

A

CD4 cells and macrophages

50
Q

At what stage will an individual with HIV disease develop Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Advanced HIV disease

51
Q

Which of the following is true when describing the factors affecting the immunocompromised person?

A

Reusable equipment can be one of the common reservoirs

52
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response to the allergen?

A

Type IV (Cell-Mediated Immunity) Hypersensitivity

53
Q

What type of immunologic hypersensitivity would cause the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis?

A

Type I (IgE-mediated or Immediate Type) Hypersensitivity

54
Q

Which of following is true for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Mild symptoms can be managed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to relieve muscle and joint pain while reducing tissue inflammation

55
Q

Which of the following is the avenue for HIV transmission?

A

All the above

56
Q

CD4+ T cells produce different cytokines that modulate the immune system and help it to mount effective responses against foreign invaders. Which of the following is NOT the primary functions of CD4+ T cells?

A

produce antibody

6014 Internal Med (24 decks)

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