immune system lecture 2

Question 1

name the inaccurate responses of the immune system

Answer 1

1. Inadequacy to protect the host (immunodeficiency)
2. Overexpression to a substance or hypersensitivity reactions
3. Transfusion or transplantation reactions (alloimmunity)
4. Reacting to the host’s own cells (autoimmunity)

Question 2

immunodeficiency

Answer 2

inadequacy to protect the host

Question 3

alloimmunity

Answer 3

transfusion or transplantation reactions

Question 4

autoimmunity

Answer 4

reacting to the host’s own cells

Question 5

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 5

• reflects a defect involving T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues.
• inherited defects in genesis of immune system
  [complement proteins, phagocytes]

Question 6

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 6

results from an underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response
[ex. chemo, aging, infection]

Question 7

AIDS three main avenues

Answer 7

a) Contaminated blood
b) Sexual activity (anal, vaginal, very rarely oral)
c) Maternal to child (either through pregnancy, during delivery, or breastfeeding)

Question 8

what type of HIV causes the global epidemic bc its more transmitted?

Answer 8

HIV-1

Question 9

HIV

Answer 9

ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, also known as retrovirus.
-the core contains glycoprotein spikes

Question 10

HIV predominantly affects:

Answer 10

• CD 4 lymphocytes + helper cells
• macrophages and B cells

Question 11

how long does the acute infection phase of AIDS last?

Answer 11

1-6 weeks with flu like symptoms and lymphadenopathy

Question 12

asymptomatic year range

Answer 12

1-20 years, positive antibody test but no symptoms

Question 13

seroconversion

Answer 13

the emergence of HIV antibodies in bloodstream

Question 14

HIV treatment

Answer 14

1) do not cure HIV but aim to prolong lives of ppl with HIV
2) combo of medicines aim to stop HIV from turning into AIDS
3) medicines can reduce the risk of HIV transmissibility to other ppl

Question 15

Type I hypersensitivity - IgE

Answer 15

-Mast cell (or basophil) releases histamine (via degranulation) that induces constriction of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscles, causing vasodilation and increasing venule permeability.
- depends of IgE that is formed into CD4+ that binds to mast cell and basophil

Question 16

antihistamine

Answer 16

competing with histamine

Question 17

type II hypersensitivity - tissue specific

Answer 17

IgM and IgG
- - symptoms and reactions depend on what organ express particular antigen
ex. graves disease, insulin resistant diabetes

Question 18

type III - immune complex mediated

Answer 18

*IgG, IgM, IgA
- involves interaction of antibody and complement, which may attract the polymorphonuclear cells or neutrophils.
*kidneys, joints, and blood vessels are the most common tissues affected, lupus is an example

Question 19

TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY
(CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY)

Answer 19

*presence of T lymphocyte - mediated reactions
- delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction [latex, cosmetics reaction]
- ex. graft rejection, allergic reaction after receiving transplantation

Question 20

autoimmune diseases

Answer 20

➢Immune mechanisms directed against self-antigens
▪ The body fails to distinguish self from non-self, causing the immune system to direct immune responses against normal (self) tissue and become self destructive.

Question 21

Immunologic tolerance

Answer 21

The unresponsiveness of certain antigens induced by their exposure to lymphocytes.

Question 22

Self-tolerance

Answer 22

Lack of recognition and responsiveness to one’s own tissue antigens.

Question 23

Autoimmunity indicates…

Answer 23

loss of self-tolerance

Question 24

central tolerance

Answer 24

• Immature lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens during their maturation in central (generative) lymphoid organs are killed by apoptosis.

Question 25

peripheral tolerance

Answer 25

 Mature lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens become either anergic (i.e., functionally inactive) or suppressed by regulatory T cells or undergo
apoptosis.

Question 26

LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Answer 26

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that appears in several forms

Question 27

Discoid lupus erythematosus

Answer 27

only affects the skin [face,neck,scalp]

Question 28

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 28

can affect any organ or system in the body

Question 29

isoimmune disease

Answer 29

Transplantation of almost any tissue is feasible, but the clinical use of transplantation to remedy disease is still limited for many organ systems because of the rejection reaction
*cause is incompatibility of cell surface antigens, surface HLA proteins of the donor’s tissue are different from the recipient’s.