infectious disease 2

Question 1

bacteria definition

Answer 1

Single-celled microorganisms with well-defined cell walls that
can grow independently on artificial media without the need for other cells.

Question 2

bacteria shapes
cocci
bacilli
spirilla

Answer 2

cocci - spherical bacteria
bacilli - rod-shaped
spirilla - spiral shaped

Question 3

bacteria classification

Answer 3

➢ Response to staining (gram-positive, gram-negative, or acid-fast)
➢ Motility (motile or nonmotile)
➢ Tendency toward capsulation (encapsulated or nonencapsulated)
➢ Capacity to form spores (sporulating or nonsporulating)
➢ Aerobic: oxygen is needed to replicate and develop
➢ Anaerobic: they can sustain life in an oxygen-poor (anaerobic)

Question 4

bacterial structure and function

Answer 4

• unicellular organisms
• rigid cell wall that surrounds bacterial cell
• require nourishing medium

Question 5

bacteria may cause…

Answer 5

an immune response that will ultimately damage human tissues along with the invading bacteria.

Question 6

CDIFF

Answer 6

diarrhea, GI system, fecal-route

Question 7

staphylococcal infections

Answer 7

who: chronic skin lesions, surgical and burn patients
how: bacteria arthritis, surgical wounds, food poisoning
what system level: integumentary

Question 8

streptococcal infection

Answer 8

strep throat
organ level: group A
- Group B: neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis

Question 9

clostridial myonecrosis

Answer 9

gangrene: death of body tissue. associated with loss of vascular supply and bacterial invasion.
- anaerobic conditions affecting integumentary system level

Question 10

pseudomonas

Answer 10

• most common hospital and nursing home @ Integumentary, Circulatory, Respiratory system levels

Question 11

bactericidal

Answer 11

Drugs that typically kill or destroy bacteria

Question 12

bacteriostatic

Answer 12

Drugs that do not actually kill bacteria but limit their growth and
proliferation

Question 13

basic mechanisms of antibacterial drugs

Answer 13

1. inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and function
2. inhibition of protein synthesis
3. inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis and function

Question 14

how do antibacterial walls damage cell wall synthesis and function

Answer 14

drugs can cause inadequate production of peptidoglycans * within the cell wall
- can punch holes in cell membrane
-* drugs can act as detergents that break down phospholipid layer to create gaps

Question 15

how do drugs inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 15

drug binds to ribosomes to block protein synthesis and misread the RNA code

Question 16

how to drugs inhibit bacterial DNA /RNA synthesis and function

Answer 16

drugs inhibit bacteria DNA/RNA to stop folic acid production, which is responsible for bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

Question 17

bacterial resistance

Answer 17

certain bacteria have an acquired defense mechanism against drugs, which can cause bacteria to survive against drug and produce resistant strains

Question 18

antibiotic stewardship

Answer 18

Antibacterial drugs should be used carefully and not overused

Question 19

Virus

Answer 19

• smallest known organisms made up of only RNA/DNA.
• dependent on host cells, only contain genetic code to replicate
• not * susceptible to antibiotics

Question 20

exocytosis
lysis

Answer 20

exocytosis: process by which virus is released
lysis: host cell may simply be destroyed, may stimulate the production of inflammatory mediator

Question 21

list the bloodborne viral pathogens

Answer 21

1. hepatitis B
2. hepatitis C

Question 22

hepatitis B

Answer 22

• HBV can be transmitted to HCWs via percutaneous injuries or by direct contact with blood
• vaccine highly recommended

Question 23

hepatitis C

Answer 23

accidental percutaneous injuries (NEEDLE INJURIES) are the highest vehicle risk for transmission to HCW

Question 24

how long is the incubation period for HCV

Answer 24

6 to 7 weeks

Question 25

what is the percentage of all ppl that develop chronic hepatitis?
(for people with hep C)

Answer 25

75%

Question 26

how is HSV2 (herpes 2) mainly transmitted

Answer 26

mostly acquired through sexual contact, causes vesicles to form in genitourinary tract

Question 27

how does primary infection occur through for HSV1

Answer 27

Primary infection occurs through a break in the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, eye, or genitals or via minor abrasions in the skin.

Question 28

what med is used for herpes simplex virus

Answer 28

acyclovir

Question 29

what type of herpes is varicella zoster virus

Answer 29

herpes virus type 3

Question 30

infectious mononucleosis

Answer 30

• acute infectious disease, primarily affects younger adults and children
• herpes virus type 4, aka Epstein Barr virus
• transmitted through oral secretions or transplanted organs
  -contagious before symptoms develop until the fever subsides

Question 31

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

Answer 31

causes annual outbreaks of pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and
tracheobronchitis in infants and very young children and is the main cause of hospitalization for a respiratory illness in this group

Question 32

influenza

Answer 32

• caused by influenza viruses A or B and occurs in epidemics between late fall and early spring.
• the mode of transmission is from person to person by inhalation of aerosolized virus or direct contact

Question 33

covid 19

Answer 33

A viral disorder generally characterized by high FEVER; COUGH; DYSPNEA;CHILLS; PERSISTENT TREMOR; MUSCLE PAIN; HEADACHE; SORE THROAT; a new loss of taste and/or smell (see AGEUSIA and ANOSMIA) and other symptoms of a VIRAL PNEUMONIA

Question 34

viral resistance

Answer 34

Viruses can mutate and alter their structural or functional
characteristics so that previously effective drugs will be unable
to control specific viral infections adequately

Question 35

interferons

Answer 35

endogenous substances that exert nonspecific antiviral activity

Question 36

herpes viruses percentages
HSV1
HSV2

Answer 36

HSV1 - 70%
HSV2 - 20%

Question 37

varicella period of communicability

Answer 37

1-2 days before onset of the rash
4-5 days or until all lesions form crusts