hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary system p2 Flashcards
hepatitis
acute or chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus
fulminant hepatitis
has a severe, intense and is sometimes fatal
chronic hepatitis
min amount it has to be present
marked by what?
comprised of several diseases with common clinical manifestations
- ongoing for 6 months plus
- marked by neuro-inflammatory injury that can cause cirrhosis and end stage liver failure
acute liver failure
neuro-inflammatory injury without prior cirrhosis or liver failure.
most common cause of ACUTE liver failure
acetaminophen hepatoxicity
viral hepatitis
types: A,B,C,D,E,G
* can easily spread before symptoms appear
HAV incubation period
15-50 days
HBV incubation period
2-5 months
HCV incubation period
2-6 months
hepatitis A
fecal oral route
contaminated water consumption
improper handwashing/hygiene
only leads to acute infection
hepatitis B
how long can blood with HBV survive
STD, transmitted percutaneously
HBV blood can survive for up to 1 week
hepatitis C
injection drug use
can infect before symptoms appear
hepatitis HDV
need hep B to replicate
works as a coinfection or superinfection
hepatitis HDE
can get through contaminated water via fecal/oral route
alcohol liver disease
- alcoholic steatosis [fatty liver disease], accumulation of fat on hepatocytes
-puts oxidative stress on the hepatocytes
alcoholic steatohepatitis
- [inflammation on the liver biopsy, only a histological diagnosis]
chronic alcohol abuse results in…
- bacterial overgrowth –> disturbance in junctions between the intestinal cells –> leads to immune system and inflammation stimulation
how does the liver respond to alcohol liver disease
responds to inflammation and injury by forming a scar
alcoholic fatty liver disease
AST and ALT levels?
bilirubin levels?
elevated AST and ALT enzymes
bilirubin less than 3mg/dL
Alcoholic hepatitis
elevated ASK and ALT enzymes
- increased bilirubin greater than 3 mg/dL
what medication is used to treat alcoholic liver disease
- corticosteroids [prednisolone]
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
w/o inflammation or fibrosis
- related to diabetes or insulin resistancef
pancreatitis
pancreatitis may result in …
potentially serious inflammation of the pancreas and
surrounding organs that may result in auto-digestion of
the pancreas by its own enzymes
possible causes of pancreatitis
types of pancreatitis
- chronic alcohol consumption and gallstones
> Interstitial pancreatitis; milder
> Necrotic pancreatitis: 20%
mild acute pancreatitis
- absence of organ failure
mod to severe acute pancreatitis
Transient organ failure (< 48 hours) and may have local or systemic complications.
- RUQ pain
severe acute pancreatitis
Cytokines and free radicals mediate a systemic response, leading to persistent
multi-organ failure and occasionally death
chronic pancreatitis
development of irreversible changes in the pancreas
secondary to chronic inflammation.
chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis
causes
- acute inflammation of the pancreas that becomes persistant
- activation of stellate cells that start fibrosis
pancreatic cancer
- third leading cancer mortality cause
- lowest 5 year survival rate
- most arise from exocrine glands
pancreatic cancer risk factors
- advanced age: ppl that are 70-80
- people with T2D or impaired glucose tolerance
- chronic pancreatitis [from alcoholic consumption]
pancreatic cancer clinical manfestation
- jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss
- obstruction of portal vein or pancreatic duct
- development of diabetes
metastasis of pancreatic cancer
starts in the regional lymph nodes then to hematologic and lymphatic systems, then to liver, lungs, pleura, bones, adrenal glands.
tumors of the TAIL and BODY of the pancreas are…
twice as likely to metastasize to the peritoneum in comparison to tumors in the head of the pancreas
Cholecyst
Pertaining to gallbladder
Cholelith
Gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Presence of gallstones
cholelithiasis
stones in the bile
75% composed of fat
25% of bilirubin salts
- symptoms occur when stones block bile flow
acute cholangitis
Obstruction and stasis of bile from
choledocholithiasis (stones in common bile duct), biliary strictures, or malignancy can lead
to a suppurative infection of the biliary tree
cholelithiasis cause
oversaturation of solids [bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol] in the gallbladder
charcot triad
in acute cholangitis
pain fever jaundice
reynolds pentad
in acute cholangitis
triad + hypotension and confusion
Acute Cholecystitis (P 921)
Inflammation of the gallbladder
▪ impaction of gallstones
in the cystic duct causing obstruction to bile flow and
painful distention of the gallbladder
