hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary system p2

Question 1

hepatitis

Answer 1

acute or chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus

Question 2

fulminant hepatitis

Answer 2

has a severe, intense and is sometimes fatal

Question 3

chronic hepatitis
min amount it has to be present
marked by what?

Answer 3

comprised of several diseases with common clinical manifestations
- ongoing for 6 months plus
- marked by neuro-inflammatory injury that can cause cirrhosis and end stage liver failure

Question 4

acute liver failure

Answer 4

neuro-inflammatory injury without prior cirrhosis or liver failure.

Question 5

most common cause of ACUTE liver failure

Answer 5

acetaminophen hepatoxicity

Question 6

viral hepatitis

Answer 6

types: A,B,C,D,E,G
* can easily spread before symptoms appear

Question 7

HAV incubation period

Answer 7

15-50 days

Question 8

HBV incubation period

Answer 8

2-5 months

Question 9

HCV incubation period

Answer 9

2-6 months

Question 10

hepatitis A

Answer 10

fecal oral route
contaminated water consumption
improper handwashing/hygiene
only leads to acute infection

Question 11

hepatitis B
how long can blood with HBV survive

Answer 11

STD, transmitted percutaneously
HBV blood can survive for up to 1 week

Question 12

hepatitis C

Answer 12

injection drug use
can infect before symptoms appear

Question 13

hepatitis HDV

Answer 13

need hep B to replicate
works as a coinfection or superinfection

Question 14

hepatitis HDE

Answer 14

can get through contaminated water via fecal/oral route

Question 15

alcohol liver disease

Answer 15

• alcoholic steatosis [fatty liver disease], accumulation of fat on hepatocytes
  -puts oxidative stress on the hepatocytes

Question 16

alcoholic steatohepatitis

Answer 16

• [inflammation on the liver biopsy, only a histological diagnosis]

Question 17

chronic alcohol abuse results in…

Answer 17

• bacterial overgrowth –> disturbance in junctions between the intestinal cells –> leads to immune system and inflammation stimulation

Question 18

how does the liver respond to alcohol liver disease

Answer 18

responds to inflammation and injury by forming a scar

Question 19

alcoholic fatty liver disease
AST and ALT levels?
bilirubin levels?

Answer 19

elevated AST and ALT enzymes
bilirubin less than 3mg/dL

Question 20

Alcoholic hepatitis

Answer 20

elevated ASK and ALT enzymes
- increased bilirubin greater than 3 mg/dL

Question 21

what medication is used to treat alcoholic liver disease

Answer 21

• corticosteroids [prednisolone]

Question 22

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 22

w/o inflammation or fibrosis
- related to diabetes or insulin resistancef

Question 23

pancreatitis
pancreatitis may result in …

Answer 23

potentially serious inflammation of the pancreas and
surrounding organs that may result in auto-digestion of
the pancreas by its own enzymes

Question 24

possible causes of pancreatitis
types of pancreatitis

Answer 24

• chronic alcohol consumption and gallstones
  > Interstitial pancreatitis; milder
  > Necrotic pancreatitis: 20%

Question 25

mild acute pancreatitis

Answer 25

• absence of organ failure

Question 26

mod to severe acute pancreatitis

Answer 26

Transient organ failure (< 48 hours) and may have local or systemic complications.
- RUQ pain

Question 27

severe acute pancreatitis

Answer 27

Cytokines and free radicals mediate a systemic response, leading to persistent
multi-organ failure and occasionally death

Question 28

chronic pancreatitis

Answer 28

development of irreversible changes in the pancreas
secondary to chronic inflammation.

Question 29

chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis
causes

Answer 29

• acute inflammation of the pancreas that becomes persistant
• activation of stellate cells that start fibrosis

Question 30

pancreatic cancer

Answer 30

• third leading cancer mortality cause
• lowest 5 year survival rate
• most arise from exocrine glands

Question 31

pancreatic cancer risk factors

Answer 31

• advanced age: ppl that are 70-80
• people with T2D or impaired glucose tolerance
• chronic pancreatitis [from alcoholic consumption]

Question 32

pancreatic cancer clinical manfestation

Answer 32

• jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss
• obstruction of portal vein or pancreatic duct
• development of diabetes

Question 33

metastasis of pancreatic cancer

Answer 33

starts in the regional lymph nodes then to hematologic and lymphatic systems, then to liver, lungs, pleura, bones, adrenal glands.

Question 34

tumors of the TAIL and BODY of the pancreas are…

Answer 34

twice as likely to metastasize to the peritoneum in comparison to tumors in the head of the pancreas

Question 35

Cholecyst

Answer 35

Pertaining to gallbladder

Question 36

Cholelith

Answer 36

Gallstones

Question 37

Cholelithiasis

Answer 37

Presence of gallstones

Question 38

cholelithiasis

Answer 38

stones in the bile
75% composed of fat
25% of bilirubin salts
- symptoms occur when stones block bile flow

Question 39

acute cholangitis

Answer 39

Obstruction and stasis of bile from
choledocholithiasis (stones in common bile duct), biliary strictures, or malignancy can lead
to a suppurative infection of the biliary tree

Question 40

cholelithiasis cause

Answer 40

oversaturation of solids [bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol] in the gallbladder

Question 41

charcot triad

Answer 41

in acute cholangitis
pain fever jaundice

Question 42

reynolds pentad

Answer 42

in acute cholangitis
triad + hypotension and confusion

Question 43

Acute Cholecystitis (P 921)

Answer 43

Inflammation of the gallbladder
▪ impaction of gallstones
in the cystic duct causing obstruction to bile flow and
painful distention of the gallbladder