endocringe and metabolic system 1 Flashcards
5 functions of the endocrine system are
- coordination of female and male reproductive system
- sequential growth during childhood and adolescence
- maintain optimal internal environment during lifespan
- initiation of corrective responses in emergency moments
- differentiation of CNS and endocrine system and as a fetus
endocrine system and CNS maintain
homeostasis by sending hormonal messages via bloodstream
hypothalumus
controls function through neural controls, hormonal pathways, & negative feedback systems
GH [ant. lobe]
stimulates growth and cell reproduction
TSH [ant lobe]
stimulates T3 & T4 secretion activity
FSH
promotes ovarian follicle growth
secrete estrogen
maturation of sperm
Luteinizing hormone
PROMOTES ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, progesterone, testosterone
prolactin
MAINTAINS corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
-stimulates milk production
ACTH
stimulates secretory activity
- synthesis of corticosteroids
is adipose tissue and endocrine gland
yes, its an endocrine gland
controls metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction
ex. leptin, adiponectin
lipotropin
breaks down fat
stimulates melanin production
melanocyte
produces melanin in skin
ADH
water retention in kidney tubules, releases ACTH
oxytocin
stimulates contraction
regulates circadian rhythm
neurocrine theory of aging
suggest that cells are only supposed to live for a period of time [menopause]
musculoskeletal signs of endocrine
muscle [atrophy, weakness, myalgia]
rheumatoid
common finding in people with endocrine disease
carpal tunnel, bilateral
hyperpituitarism [ant lobe disorder]
acromegaly: excessive secretion of growth hormone
thyroid gland primary hormones secreted
t3 + t4
calcitonin
t3 + t4 do:
calcitonin does
increase protein synthesis and regulate metabolic rate
calcitonin: weak Ca2+ effect, keeps phosphorus balance in body
thyroid gland is regulated by
hypothalumus and pituitary intrinsic controls
hyperthyroidism
an elevation in body metabolism
graves disease
- increased T4 production
- antibodies react against thyroid membrane, resulting in thyroid gland enlargement & excess of TSH
graves disease clinical manifestations
- goiter, expalthamos
hypothyroidism
types
slowed body metabolism
type 1: hormone deficient
type 2: hormone resistant
type I hypothyroidism
- hormone T4 deficiency
- elevated TSH level
- results in increase of serum cholesterol
type II hypothyroidism
- hormone resistant
- pituitary gland cannot synthesize TSH
hypothyroidism clinical manifestations
myxedema: boggy edema
- more prone to skin breakdown, needs careful monitoring of skin breakdown
anatomical abnormalities
- goiter: hyperthyroidism
- thyroiditis: hypothyroidism -
parathyroid glands
two glands @ each of posterior surface of thyroids, these glands secrete PTH
PTH regulates
calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormone
essential for Ca2+ and phosphorus metabolism and calcification of bone
- bone demineralization
- absorption from kidney for Ca2+
- absorption of Ca 2+ from GI tract
how does PTH regulate phosphorus and calcium?
- resorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone
- absorption of Ca 2+ and excretion of phosphorus of kidneys
- absorption of Ca2+ from kidney s
hyperparathyroidism
- increase bone resorption
- elevated calcium levels
- decrease in phosphate levels
hypoparathyroidism
- decrease bone resorption
- decrease calcium levels
- increase phosphorus levels -
primary hyperparathyroidism
- one or more parathyroid enlarge
- relationship between Ca2+ and PTH secretion
secondary hyperparathyroidism
- glands are hyperplastic
- renal failures
tertiary hyperparathyroidism
- exclusively in dialysis
- becomes unresponsive to serum calcium levels
PTH
maintain normal calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and absorption of calcium in GI
**not regulated by pit gland and hypothalomus
adrenal glands located @
2 parts:
upper part of each kidney
2 parts: inner medulla & outer cortex
outer cortex hormones
- mineralcorticoids [aldosterone]: regulate fluid and mineral balance
-glucocorticoids [cortisol]: metabolism of glucose - androgen: sex hormone
adrenal medulla
epinephrine + norepinephrine
vasoconstriction in both
disorders of adrenal glands
- primary adrenal insufficiency [addison disease]
- secondary adrenal insufficiency
- adrenocortical hyperfunction [cushing and cons]
addisons
decreased production of corticoid and aldosterone
* decreased serum cortisol
hallmark of addisons disease
decreased serum cortisol
insufficient cortisol release leads to
[primary adrenal insufficiency]
hypoglycemia and liver glycogen deficiency
secondary adrenal insufficiency
only corticoid deficiency as a results of suppression of ACTH
adrenocortical hyperfunction types
cushing and conn syndrome
cushing syndrome
glucocorticoid syndrome
- excess of cortisol in body
happens bc of hyperfunction of adrenal gland, excess of ACTH and corticosteroid
Conn syndrome
primary cause: aldosteronoma, sodium resorption by kidneys
cushing syndrome
hypercortisolism from adrenal gland oversecretion
cushing disease
hypercortisolism from ACTH
pseudo-cushing syndrome
occurs when conditions such as depression, alcoholism
Which region of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways?
hypothalumus
Which of the following tissues can be classified as an endocrine gland?
adipose tissue
In response to the hypothalamus, the posterior pituitary secretes
oxytocin and ADH
What is the basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulates secretory activity and synthesis of corticosteroids in adrenal cortex
The primary hormones produced by the thyroid are
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
Which of the following hormone’s basic action is calcium and phosphorus metabolism, construct bone, and reduce serum calcium?
calcitonin
Which of the following disorders creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism, the effects of which are manifested in almost every system?
hyperthyroidism
Myxedema is the clinical manifestation of
hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by overactivity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands that
disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism
Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs because of a disorder within the adrenal gland itself, with insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands causing a wide range of problems?
Addison disease
Hypercortisolism resulting from adrenal gland oversecretion or from hyperphysiologic doses of corticosteroid medications is called .
Cushing syndrome
Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs when an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone, the most powerful of the mineralocorticoids?
Conn syndrome
Which of the following is the characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?
Decreased bone resorption
Which of the following hormones is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress?
cortisol
What is the hallmark of Addison disease?
decreased serum cortisol levels
