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6014 Internal Med > endocringe and metabolic system 1 > Flashcards

endocringe and metabolic system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the endocrine system are

A
  1. coordination of female and male reproductive system
  2. sequential growth during childhood and adolescence
  3. maintain optimal internal environment during lifespan
  4. initiation of corrective responses in emergency moments
  5. differentiation of CNS and endocrine system and as a fetus
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2
Q

endocrine system and CNS maintain

A

homeostasis by sending hormonal messages via bloodstream

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3
Q

hypothalumus

A

controls function through neural controls, hormonal pathways, & negative feedback systems

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4
Q

GH [ant. lobe]

A

stimulates growth and cell reproduction

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5
Q

TSH [ant lobe]

A

stimulates T3 & T4 secretion activity

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6
Q

FSH

A

promotes ovarian follicle growth
secrete estrogen
maturation of sperm

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7
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

PROMOTES ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, progesterone, testosterone

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8
Q

prolactin

A

MAINTAINS corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
-stimulates milk production

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9
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates secretory activity
- synthesis of corticosteroids

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10
Q

is adipose tissue and endocrine gland

A

yes, its an endocrine gland
controls metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction
ex. leptin, adiponectin

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11
Q

lipotropin

A

breaks down fat
stimulates melanin production

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12
Q

melanocyte

A

produces melanin in skin

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13
Q

ADH

A

water retention in kidney tubules, releases ACTH

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction
regulates circadian rhythm

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15
Q

neurocrine theory of aging

A

suggest that cells are only supposed to live for a period of time [menopause]

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16
Q

musculoskeletal signs of endocrine

A

muscle [atrophy, weakness, myalgia]
rheumatoid

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17
Q

common finding in people with endocrine disease

A

carpal tunnel, bilateral

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18
Q

hyperpituitarism [ant lobe disorder]

A

acromegaly: excessive secretion of growth hormone

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19
Q

thyroid gland primary hormones secreted

A

t3 + t4
calcitonin

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20
Q

t3 + t4 do:

calcitonin does

A

increase protein synthesis and regulate metabolic rate
calcitonin: weak Ca2+ effect, keeps phosphorus balance in body

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21
Q

thyroid gland is regulated by

A

hypothalumus and pituitary intrinsic controls

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22
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

an elevation in body metabolism

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23
Q

graves disease

A
  • increased T4 production
  • antibodies react against thyroid membrane, resulting in thyroid gland enlargement & excess of TSH
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24
Q

graves disease clinical manifestations

A
  • goiter, expalthamos
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25
Q

hypothyroidism
types

A

slowed body metabolism
type 1: hormone deficient
type 2: hormone resistant

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26
Q

type I hypothyroidism

A
  • hormone T4 deficiency
  • elevated TSH level
  • results in increase of serum cholesterol
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27
Q

type II hypothyroidism

A
  • hormone resistant
  • pituitary gland cannot synthesize TSH
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28
Q

hypothyroidism clinical manifestations

A

myxedema: boggy edema
- more prone to skin breakdown, needs careful monitoring of skin breakdown

29
Q

anatomical abnormalities

A
  • goiter: hyperthyroidism
  • thyroiditis: hypothyroidism -
30
Q

parathyroid glands

A

two glands @ each of posterior surface of thyroids, these glands secrete PTH

31
Q

PTH regulates

A

calcium and phosphorus

32
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

essential for Ca2+ and phosphorus metabolism and calcification of bone
- bone demineralization
- absorption from kidney for Ca2+
- absorption of Ca 2+ from GI tract

33
Q

how does PTH regulate phosphorus and calcium?

A
  • resorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone
  • absorption of Ca 2+ and excretion of phosphorus of kidneys
  • absorption of Ca2+ from kidney s
34
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A
  • increase bone resorption
  • elevated calcium levels
  • decrease in phosphate levels
35
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A
  • decrease bone resorption
  • decrease calcium levels
  • increase phosphorus levels -
36
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • one or more parathyroid enlarge
  • relationship between Ca2+ and PTH secretion
37
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • glands are hyperplastic
  • renal failures
38
Q

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • exclusively in dialysis
  • becomes unresponsive to serum calcium levels
39
Q

PTH

A

maintain normal calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and absorption of calcium in GI

**not regulated by pit gland and hypothalomus

40
Q

adrenal glands located @
2 parts:

A

upper part of each kidney
2 parts: inner medulla & outer cortex

41
Q

outer cortex hormones

A
  • mineralcorticoids [aldosterone]: regulate fluid and mineral balance
    -glucocorticoids [cortisol]: metabolism of glucose
  • androgen: sex hormone
42
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine + norepinephrine
vasoconstriction in both

43
Q

disorders of adrenal glands

A
  1. primary adrenal insufficiency [addison disease]
  2. secondary adrenal insufficiency
  3. adrenocortical hyperfunction [cushing and cons]
44
Q

addisons

A

decreased production of corticoid and aldosterone
* decreased serum cortisol

45
Q

hallmark of addisons disease

A

decreased serum cortisol

46
Q

insufficient cortisol release leads to
[primary adrenal insufficiency]

A

hypoglycemia and liver glycogen deficiency

47
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

only corticoid deficiency as a results of suppression of ACTH

48
Q

adrenocortical hyperfunction types

A

cushing and conn syndrome

49
Q

cushing syndrome

A

glucocorticoid syndrome
- excess of cortisol in body
happens bc of hyperfunction of adrenal gland, excess of ACTH and corticosteroid

50
Q

Conn syndrome

A

primary cause: aldosteronoma, sodium resorption by kidneys

51
Q

cushing syndrome

A

hypercortisolism from adrenal gland oversecretion

52
Q

cushing disease

A

hypercortisolism from ACTH

53
Q

pseudo-cushing syndrome

A

occurs when conditions such as depression, alcoholism

54
Q

Which region of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways?

A

hypothalumus

55
Q

Which of the following tissues can be classified as an endocrine gland?

A

adipose tissue

56
Q

In response to the hypothalamus, the posterior pituitary secretes

A

oxytocin and ADH

57
Q

What is the basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Stimulates secretory activity and synthesis of corticosteroids in adrenal cortex

58
Q

The primary hormones produced by the thyroid are

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

59
Q

Which of the following hormone’s basic action is calcium and phosphorus metabolism, construct bone, and reduce serum calcium?

A

calcitonin

60
Q

Which of the following disorders creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism, the effects of which are manifested in almost every system?

A

hyperthyroidism

61
Q

Myxedema is the clinical manifestation of

A

hypothyroidism

62
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by overactivity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands that

A

disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism

63
Q

Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs because of a disorder within the adrenal gland itself, with insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands causing a wide range of problems?

A

Addison disease

64
Q

Hypercortisolism resulting from adrenal gland oversecretion or from hyperphysiologic doses of corticosteroid medications is called .

A

Cushing syndrome

65
Q

Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs when an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone, the most powerful of the mineralocorticoids?

A

Conn syndrome

66
Q

Which of the following is the characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Decreased bone resorption

67
Q

Which of the following hormones is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress?

A

cortisol

68
Q

What is the hallmark of Addison disease?

A

decreased serum cortisol levels

6014 Internal Med (24 decks)

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