oncology 1 Flashcards
define cancer
term that refers to a large group of diseases
characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of
abnormal cells.
anaplastic
Completely lost identity with the parent tissue is considered as
undifferentiated
dysplasia
a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its
normal size, shape, or organization
metaplasia
- what level
- The first level of dysplasia (early dysplasia).
- A reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another.
what is the most advanced form of metaplasia + hallmark?
anaplasia: loss of cellular differentiation
hyperplasia
Increased number of cells in tissue –> increased tissue mass
neoplastic hyperplasia
The increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process.
tumors can be…
- benign
- malignant
Carcinoma in situ
➢ A localized, pre-invasive, and possibly premalignant tumor of epithelial
tissue.
➢ These tumors are contained within the host organ and have not broken
through basement membrane
how is a neoplasm classified?
basis of cell type, tissue of
origin, degree of differentiation, anatomic site, or whether it is
benign or malignant
staging
Staging is the process of describing the extent of disease at the
time of diagnosis.
stage 0 - cancer
carcinoma in situ (premalignant,, preinvasive)
stage 1 - cancer
early stage, local cancer
stage 2 - cancer
increased risk of spread because of tumor size
stage 3 - cancer
local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions
stage 4 - cancer
cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
TNM Staging System
x
0
is
1,2,3,4,
Tx = primary tumor cannot be assessed
To: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis= carcinoma in situ (confined to site of origin)
T1,2,3,4 = progressive increase in tumor size
cancer incidence
The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung, breast, and colorecta
men: prostate, lung & bronchus, colorectal
women: breast, lung and bronchus, colorectal
cancer causative agents
- endogenous: genetic origin
- exogenous: environmental or external origin
carcinogens:
Etiologic agents capable of initiating the
malignant transformation of a cell (i.e., carcinogenesis)
cancer risk factors:
- Heredity
- Aging
- Lifestyle
- Geographic location +
environmental variables - Ethnicity
- Precancerous Lesions
- Stress
somatic mutation theory
Early in the study of cancer, the concept that neoplasia
originates in a single cell by acquired genetic change was
proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis
most supported by experimental evidence
oncogenes
- cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
- have the opposite effect of oncogenes (anti-oncogenes).
carcinogenesis
The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation.
immunosurveillance
(1) A higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression or in
immunodeficiency.
(2) Infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes and macrophages.
(3) Lymphocyte proliferation in response to tumors.
(4) Regression of metastases after ablation of the primary tumor.
(5) Immune-mediated spontaneous regression of human tumors
TSAs - tumor specific antigens
- TSAs are uniquely
expressed by tumor cells
and are not expressed by
normal cells. - T cells recognize different
types of tumor antigens
tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)
Expressed by tumors AND normal cells– Higher levels on tumors relative to normal cells or are expressed at different
stages of development or differentiation.
major immune responses against tumors
- innate and adaptive immunity
- NK cells
- macrophages
- cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
how does metastasis occur?
happens when cells break away from the primary tumor,
travel through the body via the blood or lymphatic system and
become trapped in the capillaries of organs.
**happens in veins bc walls are more easily broken [cannot happen in arteries]
seed v soil theory
some cancers favor certain sites of metastasis over others so that
metastases only occur if the cancer cell (the seed) finds a
favorable microenvironment at the site of the host (the soil)
five most common sites of metastasis..
lymph nodes, liver,
lung, bone, and brain
metastasis common sites
- Pulmonary System (Lungs)
- Hepatic System (Liver)
- Skeletal System (Bone)
- Central Nervous System
1) pulmonary system cancer metastasis site
most common of all metastatic tumors.
- first organ to filter malignant cells
- symptoms: cough, pleural pain, shortness of breath
2) hepatic system cancer metastasis site
liver filters blood coming in from GI tract
3) skeletal system cancer metastasis site
- osteolytic: increased bone resorption –> hypercalcemia
- osteoblastic: increased bone density and dense scarring
4) CNS- brain cancer metastasis site
Lung cancer is the most common primary tumor to metastasize
to the brain
what is an antigen?
An antigen is a molecule or foreign substance that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor, triggering an immune response
the ability of a tumor to grow depends on….
the ability to gain access to blood and in some cases hormonal factors
angiogenesis
formation of blood vessels from preexisting vessels grow into the tumor
what part of the skeletal system is most likely involved with cancer?
axial skeleton
In what stage of cancer is the cancer usually localized to the primary organ?
stage I
A history of obesity or type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for which of the following cancers?
all of the above
_____ can be generated by translocations in which part of one gene moves to a different chromosome and recombines with another gene.
fusion proteins
Approximately what percent of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastasis?
30%
What is the first level of dysplasia?
metaplasia
What type of malignant tumor originates from adipose tissue?
liposarcoma
Using the TNM staging system, what would be the grade if the cancer has no distant metastasis?
M0
What gene appears to be the trigger of programmed cell death as a way of regulating uncontrolled cellular proliferation?
P53
Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of bone cancer?
lungs
What are the most common of all metastatic tumors?
lungs
What is the primary indication of theophylline?
bronchodilation
What is the drug class for albuterol?
bronchodilators
