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6014 Internal Med > oncology 1 > Flashcards

oncology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define cancer

A

term that refers to a large group of diseases
characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of
abnormal cells.

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2
Q

anaplastic

A

Completely lost identity with the parent tissue is considered as
undifferentiated

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3
Q

dysplasia

A

a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its
normal size, shape, or organization

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4
Q

metaplasia
- what level

A
  • The first level of dysplasia (early dysplasia).
  • A reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another.
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5
Q

what is the most advanced form of metaplasia + hallmark?

A

anaplasia: loss of cellular differentiation

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6
Q

hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells in tissue –> increased tissue mass

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7
Q

neoplastic hyperplasia

A

The increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process.

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8
Q

tumors can be…

A
  • benign
  • malignant
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9
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

➢ A localized, pre-invasive, and possibly premalignant tumor of epithelial
tissue.

➢ These tumors are contained within the host organ and have not broken
through basement membrane

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10
Q

how is a neoplasm classified?

A

basis of cell type, tissue of
origin, degree of differentiation, anatomic site, or whether it is
benign or malignant

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11
Q

staging

A

Staging is the process of describing the extent of disease at the
time of diagnosis.

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12
Q

stage 0 - cancer

A

carcinoma in situ (premalignant,, preinvasive)

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13
Q

stage 1 - cancer

A

early stage, local cancer

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14
Q

stage 2 - cancer

A

increased risk of spread because of tumor size

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15
Q

stage 3 - cancer

A

local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions

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16
Q

stage 4 - cancer

A

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

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17
Q

TNM Staging System
x
0
is
1,2,3,4,

A

Tx = primary tumor cannot be assessed
To: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis= carcinoma in situ (confined to site of origin)
T1,2,3,4 = progressive increase in tumor size

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18
Q

cancer incidence

A

The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung, breast, and colorecta

men: prostate, lung & bronchus, colorectal
women: breast, lung and bronchus, colorectal

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19
Q

cancer causative agents

A
  • endogenous: genetic origin
  • exogenous: environmental or external origin
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20
Q

carcinogens:

A

Etiologic agents capable of initiating the
malignant transformation of a cell (i.e., carcinogenesis)

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21
Q

cancer risk factors:

A
  • Heredity
  • Aging
  • Lifestyle
  • Geographic location +
    environmental variables
  • Ethnicity
  • Precancerous Lesions
  • Stress
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22
Q

somatic mutation theory

A

Early in the study of cancer, the concept that neoplasia
originates in a single cell by acquired genetic change was
proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis
most supported by experimental evidence

23
Q

oncogenes

A
  • cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes
24
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A
  • have the opposite effect of oncogenes (anti-oncogenes).
25
Q

carcinogenesis

A

The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation.

26
Q

immunosurveillance

A

(1) A higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression or in
immunodeficiency.
(2) Infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes and macrophages.
(3) Lymphocyte proliferation in response to tumors.
(4) Regression of metastases after ablation of the primary tumor.
(5) Immune-mediated spontaneous regression of human tumors

27
Q

TSAs - tumor specific antigens

A
  • TSAs are uniquely
    expressed by tumor cells
    and are not expressed by
    normal cells.
  • T cells recognize different
    types of tumor antigens
28
Q

tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

A

Expressed by tumors AND normal cells– Higher levels on tumors relative to normal cells or are expressed at different
stages of development or differentiation.

29
Q

major immune responses against tumors

A
  • innate and adaptive immunity
  • NK cells
  • macrophages
  • cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
30
Q

how does metastasis occur?

A

happens when cells break away from the primary tumor,
travel through the body via the blood or lymphatic system and
become trapped in the capillaries of organs.
**happens in veins bc walls are more easily broken [cannot happen in arteries]

31
Q

seed v soil theory

A

some cancers favor certain sites of metastasis over others so that
metastases only occur if the cancer cell (the seed) finds a
favorable microenvironment at the site of the host (the soil)

32
Q

five most common sites of metastasis..

A

lymph nodes, liver,
lung, bone, and brain

33
Q

metastasis common sites

A
  1. Pulmonary System (Lungs)
  2. Hepatic System (Liver)
  3. Skeletal System (Bone)
  4. Central Nervous System
34
Q

1) pulmonary system cancer metastasis site

A

most common of all metastatic tumors.
- first organ to filter malignant cells
- symptoms: cough, pleural pain, shortness of breath

35
Q

2) hepatic system cancer metastasis site

A

liver filters blood coming in from GI tract

36
Q

3) skeletal system cancer metastasis site

A
  • osteolytic: increased bone resorption –> hypercalcemia
  • osteoblastic: increased bone density and dense scarring
37
Q

4) CNS- brain cancer metastasis site

A

Lung cancer is the most common primary tumor to metastasize
to the brain

38
Q

what is an antigen?

A

An antigen is a molecule or foreign substance that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor, triggering an immune response

39
Q

the ability of a tumor to grow depends on….

A

the ability to gain access to blood and in some cases hormonal factors

40
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of blood vessels from preexisting vessels grow into the tumor

41
Q

what part of the skeletal system is most likely involved with cancer?

A

axial skeleton

42
Q

In what stage of cancer is the cancer usually localized to the primary organ?

A

stage I

43
Q

A history of obesity or type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for which of the following cancers?

A

all of the above

44
Q

_____ can be generated by translocations in which part of one gene moves to a different chromosome and recombines with another gene.

A

fusion proteins

45
Q

Approximately what percent of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastasis?

A

30%

46
Q

What is the first level of dysplasia?

A

metaplasia

47
Q

What type of malignant tumor originates from adipose tissue?

A

liposarcoma

48
Q

Using the TNM staging system, what would be the grade if the cancer has no distant metastasis?

A

M0

49
Q

What gene appears to be the trigger of programmed cell death as a way of regulating uncontrolled cellular proliferation?

A

P53

50
Q

Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of bone cancer?

A

lungs

51
Q

What are the most common of all metastatic tumors?

A

lungs

52
Q

What is the primary indication of theophylline?

A

bronchodilation

53
Q

What is the drug class for albuterol?

A

bronchodilators

6014 Internal Med (24 decks)

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