2. endocringe and metabolism disorders

Question 1

adipose tissue

Answer 1

largest endocrine organ in the body

Question 2

adipokins

Answer 2

• secreted by adipocytes
• maintain balance of energy intake by controlling appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and lipid uptake
• act as endocrine hormones in the bloodstream

Question 3

brown fat

Answer 3

healthy fat
provides thermoregulation, turns energy into heat
decreases into adulthood

Question 4

white fat

Answer 4

“unhealthy”
- long-term storage of triglycerols, serve as reservoir of energy for the body
- plays a part in CV and metabolic complications

Question 5

pear shaped

Answer 5

subcutaneous fat

Question 6

apple shaped

Answer 6

visceral fat
increased production of cytokines, which increase of CVD risk by promoting low chronic inflammation and INSULIN RESISTANCE

Question 7

obesity

Answer 7

energy expenditure < energy intake
a multifactorial condition that is affected by environment, genetics, lifestyle

Question 8

bariatrics

Answer 8

area of medicine concerned with management of obesity

Question 9

obesity ranges [last numbers]

Answer 9

underweight: 18.5
normal: 24.5
overweight: 29.9
obese: 30

percentage:
- 85-94% - overweight
- 95-99%- obese

Question 10

metabolic syndrome

Answer 10

• athlerogenic dyslipidemia
• increased blood pressure
• insulin resistance
• abdominal obesity [apple?]
• prothrombotic and inflammatory state of blood

Question 11

diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, also by the disruption of metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 12

diabesity

Answer 12

inflammatory metabolic condition, obesity dependent diabetes in childhood :(

Question 13

type 1 diabetes

Answer 13

abrupt onset, autoimmune
body doesnt make enough insulin
- autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- 5-10% of cases

Question 14

type 2 diabetes

Answer 14

• gradual, preventable
• body is resistant to insulin
• risk of developing type II diabetes increases with age

Question 15

islet of langerhaans

Answer 15

• constitute 1% - 2% of pancreas cells
• islets secrete beta cells that produce and secrete insulin
• insulin controls blood glucose

Question 16

prediabetes

Answer 16

when body cant use glucose the way it should, body cant recognize insulin or respond to it
- decreased insulin sensitivity, increased insulin resistance

Question 17

type 1.5

Answer 17

late onset diabetes
begins middle to late adulthood

Question 18

gestational diabetes

Answer 18

any degree of glucose intolerance [20-24 wks into pregnancy]
most women return to normal glucose levels 6 weeks after birth
affects ~8% of pregnancies

Question 19

A1 test levels
Normal
Prediabetic
Diabetic

Answer 19

normal - under 5.7
prediabetic: 5.7-6.4%
diabetic: 6.5%+

Question 20

A1 C (glycated hemoglobin)

Answer 20

percentage of glucose attached to a hemoglobin cell
shows glucose levels over the past 3 months

Question 21

fasting glucose levels
Normal
Prediabetic
Diabetic

Answer 21

normal: under 99
pre: 100-125
diabetic: 126

Question 22

glucose tolerance levels
Normal
Prediabetic
Diabetic

Answer 22

normal: under 140
prediabetic: 140-199
diabetic: 200