Basics of Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacokinetic
that studies the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drug
pharmatherapeutics
an area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drug that is used to prevent, diagnose, and treat a disease
pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body and the mechanism in which the drug does it
toxicology
harmful effects to the body
chemical name
name based on chemical compound
generic name
name based on chemical name
“non-proprietary name”
shorter than chemical name
trade name
name used by companies to sell
generic name and trade names
- acetaminophen
- diazepam
- levodopa
- phenobarbital
- tylenol
- valium
- lerodopa
- luminal
acetaminophen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know
- tylenol
- purpose: headaches, aches, pain, fever
- DOES NOT treat inflammation
- avoid if heavy alcohol consumption
aspirin
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know (warnings)
- bayer
- purpose: inflammation, headaches, pain, aches
- GI Bleeding warning to old people. heavy alcohol users, ppl with ULCER disease
- do not use as first choice
ibuprofen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know
- advil
purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation - NAUSEA
- GI bleed
naxopren
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know
aleve
- purpose
-purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation
- GI bleed and nausea, NO for ppl with kidney disease
drug approval PRECLINICAL
- population
- span
- purpose
**preclinical
- population: animals :(
- span: less than a year
- purpose: determine drug effects and safety
drug approval process Phase 1
- population
- span
- purpose
- clinical
- population: small number of healthy people (10-100)
- span: less than a year
- purpose: pharmacokinetics, safe dosage, determine effects
Phase II drug approval process
- population
- span
- purpose
- population: small number of ppl with targeted disease (50-100)
- span: 2 years
- purpose: effectiveness of dosage
Phase III
- population: larger number of ppl with target
- span: 3 years
- purpose: SAFETY and efficacy in larger population
Phase IV: NDA
- population: general public
- span: indefinite
- purpose: monitor any problems that may arise
Orphan Drugs
drugs provisioned by the FDA for people with rare diseases
Off label prescribing
prescribing drug for not its intended use
schedule 1 drugs
most likely to be abused
ex. heroine and LSD
schedule 5 drugs
least like to be abused
ex. diarrhea meds haha
threshold dose
response begins to occur at a dose
ceiling dose
plateau in dose effect
potency
related to the dose that produces a given response in specific amplitude
* does guarantee drugs therapeutic potential, less potent drug may be more efficient
quantal-dose response curve
percentage of the population that responds in a specific way that is measured relatively close to the dosage
median effective dose (ED50)
dosage at which 50% of population responds in a specific manner (beneficial effect)
median toxic dose (TD50)
dose at which 50% of population exhibit adverse effects
therapeutic index (TI)
TI= TD50 / ED50
higher TI means safer (takes a higher dose to show toxic effects?)
indicator of drug safety
drug class: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
suffix:
desired effects:
suffix: - pril
desired effect: hypertension, congestive heart failure,
angio-tensin II receptor blockers
suffix:
desired effects:
suffix: -sartan
desired effects: hypertension, congestive heart failure,
beta blockers
suffix:
desired effects:
suffix: - olol
desired effects: arrhythmia, anti-anginal, congestive heart failure
calcium channel blockers
suffix:
desired effects:
suffix: -ipine
desired effects: antihypertensive, antianginal
routes of administration
detail ENTERAL
- buccal & sublinguial
- oral
- rectal
*has to be lipid soluble
HMG-CoA reductase channels
suffix:
desired effects:
- statin
hyperlipidemia
what is first pass effect?
drug is transported to the liver and significantly metabolized, so its destroyed b4 making any theraperutic effect
Parenteral
- inhalation
- topical
- transdermal
- injection
bioavailability
the extent to which the drug reaches systemic circulation
passive diffussion
no expenditure in energy, membrane must be permeable
drug must be lipid soluble
main way of drug diffusion?
diffusing into and then out of the other side of cell
active transport
- ATP
- carrier specific
facilitated diffusion
assisting protein is present, but no ATP use
has features of diffusion and active transport
factors affecting drug distribution think
- tissue permeability
- blood flow
- binding to plasma proteins
- binding to other subcellular components
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
ratio of drug administered to concentration of drug in plasma
drug storage site
- adipose tissue
- bone
- muscle
- organs
Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound, thus enabling
the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.
polar; excreted
biotransformation
chemically altering og compound so its no longer active (metabolite)
enzyme induction
prolonged use of certain drugs induce body to adjust and enzymatically destroy drug more rapidly
clearance
to calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma it passes through the organ
half-life
time required to excrete 50% of drug out of the body
AGONIST
a drug that can bind to a receptor and initiate a change
antagonist
only has affinity for receptor but no efficacy!
competitive antagonist
vie for receptors against agonist
noncompetitive antagonist
permanent, form strong essentially bonds to receptors
they (Agonists) cannot compete #period
partial agonists
do not evoke a maximal response compared to strong agonist
