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6014 Internal Med > Basics of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Basics of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetic

A

that studies the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drug

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2
Q

pharmatherapeutics

A

an area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drug that is used to prevent, diagnose, and treat a disease

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3
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body and the mechanism in which the drug does it

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4
Q

toxicology

A

harmful effects to the body

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5
Q

chemical name

A

name based on chemical compound

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6
Q

generic name

A

name based on chemical name
“non-proprietary name”
shorter than chemical name

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7
Q

trade name

A

name used by companies to sell

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8
Q

generic name and trade names
- acetaminophen
- diazepam
- levodopa
- phenobarbital

A
  • tylenol
  • valium
  • lerodopa
  • luminal
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9
Q

acetaminophen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

A
  • tylenol
  • purpose: headaches, aches, pain, fever
  • DOES NOT treat inflammation
  • avoid if heavy alcohol consumption
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10
Q

aspirin
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know (warnings)

A
  • bayer
  • purpose: inflammation, headaches, pain, aches
  • GI Bleeding warning to old people. heavy alcohol users, ppl with ULCER disease
  • do not use as first choice
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11
Q

ibuprofen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

A
  • advil
    purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation
  • NAUSEA
  • GI bleed
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12
Q

naxopren
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

A

aleve
- purpose
-purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation
- GI bleed and nausea, NO for ppl with kidney disease

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13
Q

drug approval PRECLINICAL
- population
- span
- purpose

A

**preclinical
- population: animals :(
- span: less than a year
- purpose: determine drug effects and safety

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14
Q

drug approval process Phase 1
- population
- span
- purpose

A
  • clinical
  • population: small number of healthy people (10-100)
  • span: less than a year
  • purpose: pharmacokinetics, safe dosage, determine effects
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15
Q

Phase II drug approval process
- population
- span
- purpose

A
  • population: small number of ppl with targeted disease (50-100)
  • span: 2 years
  • purpose: effectiveness of dosage
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16
Q

Phase III

A
  • population: larger number of ppl with target
  • span: 3 years
  • purpose: SAFETY and efficacy in larger population
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17
Q

Phase IV: NDA

A
  • population: general public
  • span: indefinite
  • purpose: monitor any problems that may arise
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18
Q

Orphan Drugs

A

drugs provisioned by the FDA for people with rare diseases

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19
Q

Off label prescribing

A

prescribing drug for not its intended use

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20
Q

schedule 1 drugs

A

most likely to be abused
ex. heroine and LSD

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21
Q

schedule 5 drugs

A

least like to be abused
ex. diarrhea meds haha

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22
Q

threshold dose

A

response begins to occur at a dose

23
Q

ceiling dose

A

plateau in dose effect

24
Q

potency

A

related to the dose that produces a given response in specific amplitude
* does guarantee drugs therapeutic potential, less potent drug may be more efficient

25
Q

quantal-dose response curve

A

percentage of the population that responds in a specific way that is measured relatively close to the dosage

26
Q

median effective dose (ED50)

A

dosage at which 50% of population responds in a specific manner (beneficial effect)

27
Q

median toxic dose (TD50)

A

dose at which 50% of population exhibit adverse effects

28
Q

therapeutic index (TI)

A

TI= TD50 / ED50
higher TI means safer (takes a higher dose to show toxic effects?)
indicator of drug safety

29
Q

drug class: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
suffix:
desired effects:

A

suffix: - pril
desired effect: hypertension, congestive heart failure,

30
Q

angio-tensin II receptor blockers
suffix:
desired effects:

A

suffix: -sartan
desired effects: hypertension, congestive heart failure,

31
Q

beta blockers
suffix:
desired effects:

A

suffix: - olol
desired effects: arrhythmia, anti-anginal, congestive heart failure

32
Q

calcium channel blockers
suffix:
desired effects:

A

suffix: -ipine
desired effects: antihypertensive, antianginal

33
Q

routes of administration
detail ENTERAL

A
  • buccal & sublinguial
  • oral
  • rectal
    *has to be lipid soluble
33
Q

HMG-CoA reductase channels
suffix:
desired effects:

A
  • statin
    hyperlipidemia
34
Q

what is first pass effect?

A

drug is transported to the liver and significantly metabolized, so its destroyed b4 making any theraperutic effect

35
Q

Parenteral

A
  • inhalation
  • topical
  • transdermal
  • injection
36
Q

bioavailability

A

the extent to which the drug reaches systemic circulation

37
Q

passive diffussion

A

no expenditure in energy, membrane must be permeable
drug must be lipid soluble

38
Q

main way of drug diffusion?

A

diffusing into and then out of the other side of cell

39
Q

active transport

A
  • ATP
  • carrier specific
40
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

assisting protein is present, but no ATP use
has features of diffusion and active transport

41
Q

factors affecting drug distribution think

A
  1. tissue permeability
  2. blood flow
  3. binding to plasma proteins
  4. binding to other subcellular components
42
Q

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

A

ratio of drug administered to concentration of drug in plasma

43
Q

drug storage site

A
  1. adipose tissue
  2. bone
  3. muscle
  4. organs
44
Q

Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound, thus enabling
the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.

A

polar; excreted

45
Q

biotransformation

A

chemically altering og compound so its no longer active (metabolite)

46
Q

enzyme induction

A

prolonged use of certain drugs induce body to adjust and enzymatically destroy drug more rapidly

47
Q

clearance

A

to calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma it passes through the organ

48
Q

half-life

A

time required to excrete 50% of drug out of the body

49
Q

AGONIST

A

a drug that can bind to a receptor and initiate a change

50
Q

antagonist

A

only has affinity for receptor but no efficacy!

51
Q

competitive antagonist

A

vie for receptors against agonist

52
Q

noncompetitive antagonist

A

permanent, form strong essentially bonds to receptors
they (Agonists) cannot compete #period

53
Q

partial agonists

A

do not evoke a maximal response compared to strong agonist

6014 Internal Med (24 decks)

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