cell injury + inflammation Flashcards

lecture 1

1
Q

list some factors influencing healing

A
  • physiological variables
  • general health of individual
  • comorbid presence (diabetes, alzheimer’s, incontinence, cancer)
  • type of tissue
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2
Q

causes of cell injuries

A
  1. Ischemia
  2. Infectious Agents
  3. Immune Reactions
  4. Genetic Factors
  5. Nutritional Factors
  6. Physical Factors
  7. Chemical Factors
  8. Psychosocial Factors
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3
Q

Ischemia - Cell Injury

A

when blood flow is insufficient enough to maintain cell function and keep homeostasis, leading to apoxia [total reduction of o2] or hypoxia [partial reduction]

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4
Q

what happens as a result of hypoxia or anoxia [ischemia]?

A

insufficient oxygen to the body limits blood flow and o2 supply, leading to loss of aerobic metabolism and reduction in ATP synthesis
*accumulation of ions and fluids ——-> swelling of cells —> compromising function

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5
Q

causes of ischemia

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • suffocation
  • pneumonia
  • thrombus (clot)
  • anemia (inadequate transport of O2]
  • CO poisoning
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6
Q

infectious agents [cell injury]
which one is more common?
how do viruses kill?

A
  • bacteria is the most common infectious agent, they release exotoxins
  • viruses kill through cytopathic and indirect cytopathic effects
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7
Q

chemical reactions - infectious diseases
methods + define

A

defined: substances that injure cells
methods:
- directly (ex: mercury)
- indirect: substances that require metabolic transformation into toxic agent (ex: drugs)

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8
Q

Free Radicals (chemical factors)

A
  • “unstable o2 molecules” - an O2 loses one of their electrons
  • overproduction can lead to cell injury and death AKA oxidative stress (factors in 90% of diseases)
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9
Q

Antioxidants
foods that contain antioxidants
exogenous antioxidants
endogenous antioxidants

A

body responses to neutralize free radicals
exogenous: vitamin c, lycopene
endogenous: enzymes

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10
Q

causes of free radical formation

A
  • UV rays
  • pollutants
  • drug overdose
  • prolonged exercise
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11
Q

Genetic Factors - Cell Injury

A

alterations to the structure or number of chromosomes can induce abnormalities

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12
Q

single mutations defined & example

A

can cause changes in the amount and function of proteins
ex: sickle-cell anemia

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13
Q

environment + multiple gene mutation examples

A

hypertension
diabetes 2

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14
Q

mechanical factors can lead to…

A

typical tissues response to physical stress includes decreased stress tolerance and increased stress tolerance

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15
Q

causes of tissue injury - mechanical factors

A
  1. repeated episodes of magnitude force
  2. slow degradation of tissue tolerance
  3. low loads sustained over long periods
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16
Q

nutritional factors - kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

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17
Q

extremes of physical factors

A
  1. electricity
  2. temperature
  3. radiation
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18
Q

physical factors

A

blunt or penetrating trauma, survivors may die later due to infections or organ failure

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19
Q

what is a prime target for age-related changes?

A

mitochondrial DNA

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20
Q

lipofuscin - cellular aging

A

aging-pigment granule (lipid) is higher concentrations in older cells

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21
Q

types of cellular aging

A
  1. reversible
  2. irreversible
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22
Q

adaptations of cell injury

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. dysplasia
  3. hypertrophy
  4. atrophy
  5. metaplasia
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23
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

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24
Q

dysplasia

A

increase in number of cells and change of morphology, loss of histologic organization

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25
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cell

26
Q

hypertrophy
ex:

A

increase in cell size
ex: Left ventricle bc of heart cells and striated cells

27
Q

metaplasia
ex:

A

change in cell morphology, smokers have this :(

28
Q

necrosis features
nucleus:
plasma membrane:
cellular contents:
inflammation?

A

nucleus: - pyknosis, kyorrhexis, karyolysis
plasma membrane: disrupted
cellular contents: may leak out
inflammation? YES

29
Q

pyknosis

A

clumping of cells

30
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation

31
Q

karyolysis

A

dissolution

32
Q

acute inflammation ERYTHMA

A

vasodilation and increased blood flow

33
Q

heat

A

vasodilation and increased blood flow

34
Q

edema

A

fluid and cells from cells leaking into extravascular spaces

35
Q

inflammation purpose

A

removal of injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, and initiation of healing process

36
Q

characteristics of acute inflamation

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased capillary permeability
  • clotting of fluid
  • migration of leukocytes
37
Q

vasodilation leads to…

A

increased blood flow, causing redness and resultant heat [erythema]

38
Q

increased capillary permeability permits

A
  • passage of plasma proteins into extravascular space (EDEMA)
  • higher concentration of RBCs and slower blood flow
39
Q

factors affecting blood flow

A
  1. histamine
  2. seratonin
  3. platelet activating factor
  4. cytokines
  5. plasma protein systems
40
Q

edema

A

fluid and cells from blood vessels leaking into extravascular spaces

41
Q

effusion

A

escape of a fluid into anatomical space
exudation: escape of fluid into fluid cavity
transudate: fluid with low protein

42
Q

sanguineous appearance

A

hemorraghic, bright and red

43
Q

serosanguinous appearance

A

blood tinged yellow or pink

44
Q

serous appearance

A

yellow with albumins

45
Q

purulent

46
Q

catarrhal

47
Q

leukocyte accumulation and lifespan

A

they try to eliminate injurious substance, have 24 hour lifespan RIP

48
Q

what indicates an active inflammatory reaction?

A

leukocytosis - increased number of WBC

49
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased number of WBCs, indicator of grave prognosis eg. sepsis

50
Q

histamine - blood flow chemical mediator
released by:
allows?

A

released by MAST CELLS
vasodilator **
increase vessel permeability, allows fluids and blood cells to exit into interstitial spaces

51
Q

platelet-activating factor

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes
come from lipids, increase leukocytes and activities of mediators
ex: allergies and asthma

52
Q

cytokines
IL-1
TNF causes
structure? omg

A

structure: POLYPEPTIDES
IL-1: fver
TNF: induce IL-1
autocrine + paracrine

53
Q

plasma protein systems:
function
3 factors

A

create breakdown of proteins
blood clotting
1. blood coagulation
2. kinin enzymatic system
3. complement system

54
Q

kinin: bradykinin

A

causes dilation + pain

55
Q

hegman factor:

A

plasma protein that activates clotting

56
Q

hallmark of chronic inflammation is the accumulation of inflammation

A

plasma cells
macrophages
lymphocytes

57
Q

what is secreted by fibroblasts during early tissue repair

A

proteoglycans

58
Q

what are the phases of leukocyte accumulation

A
  1. margination
  2. adhesion of molecules
    3> diapedesis
    4> chemotaxis
59
Q

prednisONE

A

corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory

60
Q

celeCOXIB

A

cyclooxygenase COX2
immunosuppresant