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6014 Internal Med > cell injury + inflammation > Flashcards

cell injury + inflammation Flashcards

lecture 1

1
Q

list some factors influencing healing

A
  • physiological variables
  • general health of individual
  • comorbid presence (diabetes, alzheimer’s, incontinence, cancer)
  • type of tissue
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2
Q

causes of cell injuries

A
  1. Ischemia
  2. Infectious Agents
  3. Immune Reactions
  4. Genetic Factors
  5. Nutritional Factors
  6. Physical Factors
  7. Chemical Factors
  8. Psychosocial Factors
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3
Q

Ischemia - Cell Injury

A

when blood flow is insufficient enough to maintain cell function and keep homeostasis, leading to apoxia [total reduction of o2] or hypoxia [partial reduction]

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4
Q

what happens as a result of hypoxia or anoxia [ischemia]?

A

insufficient oxygen to the body limits blood flow and o2 supply, leading to loss of aerobic metabolism and reduction in ATP synthesis
*accumulation of ions and fluids ——-> swelling of cells —> compromising function

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5
Q

causes of ischemia

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • suffocation
  • pneumonia
  • thrombus (clot)
  • anemia (inadequate transport of O2]
  • CO poisoning
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6
Q

infectious agents [cell injury]
which one is more common?
how do viruses kill?

A
  • bacteria is the most common infectious agent, they release exotoxins
  • viruses kill through cytopathic and indirect cytopathic effects
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7
Q

chemical reactions - infectious diseases
methods + define

A

defined: substances that injure cells
methods:
- directly (ex: mercury)
- indirect: substances that require metabolic transformation into toxic agent (ex: drugs)

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8
Q

Free Radicals (chemical factors)

A
  • “unstable o2 molecules” - an O2 loses one of their electrons
  • overproduction can lead to cell injury and death AKA oxidative stress (factors in 90% of diseases)
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9
Q

Antioxidants
foods that contain antioxidants
exogenous antioxidants
endogenous antioxidants

A

body responses to neutralize free radicals
exogenous: vitamin c, lycopene
endogenous: enzymes

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10
Q

causes of free radical formation

A
  • UV rays
  • pollutants
  • drug overdose
  • prolonged exercise
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11
Q

Genetic Factors - Cell Injury

A

alterations to the structure or number of chromosomes can induce abnormalities

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12
Q

single mutations defined & example

A

can cause changes in the amount and function of proteins
ex: sickle-cell anemia

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13
Q

environment + multiple gene mutation examples

A

hypertension
diabetes 2

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14
Q

mechanical factors can lead to…

A

typical tissues response to physical stress includes decreased stress tolerance and increased stress tolerance

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15
Q

causes of tissue injury - mechanical factors

A
  1. repeated episodes of magnitude force
  2. slow degradation of tissue tolerance
  3. low loads sustained over long periods
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16
Q

nutritional factors - kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

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17
Q

extremes of physical factors

A
  1. electricity
  2. temperature
  3. radiation
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18
Q

physical factors

A

blunt or penetrating trauma, survivors may die later due to infections or organ failure

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19
Q

what is a prime target for age-related changes?

A

mitochondrial DNA

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20
Q

lipofuscin - cellular aging

A

aging-pigment granule (lipid) is higher concentrations in older cells

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21
Q

types of cellular aging

A
  1. reversible
  2. irreversible
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22
Q

adaptations of cell injury

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. dysplasia
  3. hypertrophy
  4. atrophy
  5. metaplasia
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23
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

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24
Q

dysplasia

A

increase in number of cells and change of morphology, loss of histologic organization

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25
atrophy
decrease in size of cell
26
hypertrophy ex:
increase in cell size ex: Left ventricle bc of heart cells and striated cells
27
metaplasia ex:
change in cell morphology, smokers have this :(
28
necrosis features nucleus: plasma membrane: cellular contents: inflammation?
nucleus: - pyknosis, kyorrhexis, karyolysis plasma membrane: disrupted cellular contents: may leak out inflammation? YES
29
pyknosis
clumping of cells
30
karyorrhexis
fragmentation
31
karyolysis
dissolution
32
acute inflammation ERYTHMA
vasodilation and increased blood flow
33
heat
vasodilation and increased blood flow
34
edema
fluid and cells from cells leaking into extravascular spaces
35
inflammation purpose
removal of injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, and initiation of healing process
36
characteristics of acute inflamation
- vasodilation - increased capillary permeability - clotting of fluid - migration of leukocytes
37
vasodilation leads to...
increased blood flow, causing redness and resultant heat [erythema]
38
increased capillary permeability permits
- passage of plasma proteins into extravascular space (EDEMA) - higher concentration of RBCs and slower blood flow
39
factors affecting blood flow
1. histamine 2. seratonin 3. platelet activating factor 4. cytokines 5. plasma protein systems
40
edema
fluid and cells from blood vessels leaking into extravascular spaces
41
effusion
escape of a fluid into anatomical space exudation: escape of fluid into fluid cavity transudate: fluid with low protein
42
sanguineous appearance
hemorraghic, bright and red
43
serosanguinous appearance
blood tinged yellow or pink
44
serous appearance
yellow with albumins
45
purulent
with pus
46
catarrhal
with pus
47
leukocyte accumulation and lifespan
they try to eliminate injurious substance, have 24 hour lifespan RIP
48
what indicates an active inflammatory reaction?
leukocytosis - increased number of WBC
49
leukopenia
decreased number of WBCs, indicator of grave prognosis eg. sepsis
50
histamine - blood flow chemical mediator released by: allows?
released by MAST CELLS vasodilator ** increase vessel permeability, allows fluids and blood cells to exit into interstitial spaces
51
platelet-activating factor
prostaglandins, leukotrienes come from lipids, increase leukocytes and activities of mediators ex: allergies and asthma
52
cytokines IL-1 TNF causes structure? omg
structure: POLYPEPTIDES IL-1: fver TNF: induce IL-1 autocrine + paracrine
53
plasma protein systems: function 3 factors
create breakdown of proteins blood clotting 1. blood coagulation 2. kinin enzymatic system 3. complement system
54
kinin: bradykinin
causes dilation + pain
55
hegman factor:
plasma protein that activates clotting
56
hallmark of chronic inflammation is the accumulation of inflammation
plasma cells macrophages lymphocytes
57
what is secreted by fibroblasts during early tissue repair
proteoglycans
58
what are the phases of leukocyte accumulation
1. margination 2. adhesion of molecules 3> diapedesis 4> chemotaxis
59
prednisONE
corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory
60
celeCOXIB
cyclooxygenase COX2 immunosuppresant

6014 Internal Med (24 decks)

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