The Human Immune System

Question 1

Nonspecific Defense

Answer 1

Contains 2 lines of defense

Question 2

First Line of Defense

Answer 2

• A barrier that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body
• Skin
• Mucous membrane
• Cilia in respiratory system
• Stomach acid

Question 3

Second Line of Defense

Answer 3

• Limit the spread of invaders in advance of specific immune responses
  1. Inflammatory response
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Interferons

Question 4

Inflammatory response

Answer 4

• Swelling, redness, warmth, soreness
• To increase the blood supply to the area, and increase nutrients(oxygen and white blood cells)
• Histamine
• Increase body temperature speeds up immune system

Question 5

Histamine

Answer 5

• Triggers vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels)
• increases blood supply to area, bring phagocytes
• responsible for symptoms of the cold

Question 6

vasodilation

Answer 6

Enlargement of blood vessels

Question 7

Phagocytes

Answer 7

-eat invading microbes

Question 8

Macrophages

Answer 8

-A type of white blood cell that extend pseudopods and engulf microbes

Question 9

Interferons

Answer 9

Chemicals released by the immune sytem to block against VIRAL infections

Question 10

Specific Defense

Answer 10

• Third line of defense

- Specific and consists of lymphocytes

Question 11

Lymphatic tissue

Answer 11

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids

Question 12

Antigens

Answer 12

Anything that triggers an immune response

Question 13

B lymphocytes

Answer 13

-Produce antiBodies against a SPECIFIC antigen –> humoral response

Question 14

T lymphocytes

Answer 14

Fight pathogens by hand-to-hand combat —> cell mediated response

Question 15

Humoral response

Answer 15

B lymphocytes

Question 16

Cell mediated response

Answer 16

T lymphocytes

Question 17

Antibodies

Answer 17

-neutralize antigens by binding to them and by forming an antigen-antibody complex that can be eaten by phagocytes

Question 18

Clonal selection

Answer 18

• Mechanism in immunity
• Once an antigen binds to a specific B or T lymphocyte, the antibody becomes very metabolically active and clones itself
• Then it differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells

Question 19

Plasma cells

Answer 19

• Fight antigens immediately - primary immune response

- Don’t live long

Question 20

Memory cells

Answer 20

• Remain circulating in the blood for a lifetime
• specific for every viral infection you’ve gotten or vaccination
• immunological memory

Question 21

Immunological memory

Answer 21

-prevents you from getting any specific viral infection more than once

Question 22

Types of immunity

Answer 22

Passive and active

Question 23

Passive immunity

Answer 23

• TEMPORARY
• Borrowed antibodies that don’t survive for long
• ex/ maternal antibodies

Question 24

Active immunity

Answer 24

• PERMANENT

- You make the antibodies yourself

Question 25

Cross-match

Answer 25

Before someone receives a transfusion of blood, samples of the recipient’s and donor’s blood must be mixed in the lab to determine and ensure compatibility

Question 26

AIDs

Answer 26

-take advantage of a collapsed immune system

Question 27

HIV

Answer 27

• attacks helper T cells

- retrovirus; transcribes in reverse in cell

Question 28

Allergies

Answer 28

• hypersensitive immune responses to certain substances called allergens
• release of excessive amounts of histamine

Question 29

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 29

A life-threatening allergic response

Question 30

Autoimmune diseases

Answer 30

• Caused by a mistake of the immune system
• Can’t distinguish between self and nonself
• Perceives certain structures in the body as foreign and produces antibodies to attack them