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SAT II BIOLOGY > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is population defined by?

A

Size, density, and dispersion

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2
Q

Size

A

Total number of individuals in a population: births, deaths, immigration, emigration

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3
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area or volume

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4
Q

Dispersion

A

Pattern of spacing of individuals: clumped, uniform random spacing

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5
Q

Biotic potential

A

The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions

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6
Q

What factors influence a population’s biotic potential?

A
  • Age at which reproduction begins
  • Life span capable of reproducing
  • Number of reproductive periods in lifetime
  • Number of offspring capable at 1 time
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7
Q

Carrying capacity(K)

A

The maximum that the environment can support

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8
Q

r-strategists

A
  • Reproduce rapidly when uncrowded and resources are vast
  • Many, small young
  • Little parenting
  • Rapid maturation
  • reproduce once
  • Insects
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9
Q

K-strategists

A
  • Maximize population size near the carrying capcity
  • Few, large young
  • Intensive parenting
  • slow maturation
  • Reproduce many times
  • Mammals
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10
Q

Limiting factors

A
  • Limit population growth

- Density-dependent factors and Density-independent factors

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11
Q

Density-dependent factors

A
  • Increase directly as the population density increases

- Competition for food, buildup of wastes, predation, disease

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12
Q

Density-independent factors

A
  • Occurence is unrelated to the population density

- Natural disasters

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13
Q

Population interactions

A

Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

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14
Q

G. F. Gause

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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15
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

-2 species can’t coexist in a community if they share a niche, if they compete for the same resources

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16
Q

What happens if 2 species share the same niche in a community?

A
  • extinction
  • Evolve through natural selection to exploit different resources - resource partitioning
  • character displacement(divergence in adaption)
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17
Q

Character displacement

A

adaptive radiation

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18
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Evolve through natural selection to exploit different resources

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19
Q

Passive defenses against predators

A
  1. Aposematic coloration
  2. Batesian mimicry
  3. Mullerian mimicry
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20
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Bright coloration of poisonous animals is a warning that predators should avoid them

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21
Q

Batesian mimicry

A
  • Copycat coloration

- Harmless animal mimics the coloration of a poisonous animal

22
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

2 or more poisonous species resemble eachother and predators learn to avoid any prey with that appearance

23
Q

Detritivores

A

-Animals that feed on organisms that have died and decomposed into organic matter(detritus)

24
Q

detritus

A

decomposed organic matter

25
Q

Productivity

A

The rate at which organic matter is created by producers

26
Q

Gross primary productivity

A

The amount of energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time in an ecosystem

27
Q

NEt primary productivity

A

The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for respiration

28
Q

Biological magnification

A

Organisms occupying higher trophic levels have greater concentration of accumulated toxins stored in their bodies

29
Q

Primary ecological succession

A

Rebuilding of ecosystem in a lifeless area where soil has been removed

30
Q

What is the essential and dominant characteristic of primary ecological succesion?

A

soil building

31
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • Disruption of freshwater ecosystems
  • Runoff from sewage and manure increase nutrients in lakes and cause excessive growth
  • Organic material accumulates on the bottom, reduces the depth
  • Detritivores use up oxygen as they decompose organic matter
32
Q

Acid Rain

A
  • Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels
  • Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
33
Q

Greenhouse effect

A
  • global warming
  • Burning of fossil fuels caused the concentrations of CO2 in the air to increase
  • CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared radiation reflecting off Earth, and temp rise
34
Q

Chlorofluorocarbons

A

Chemicals used for refrigerants and aerosol cans

35
Q

Depletion of Ozone Layer

A
  • Accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons formed a hold in the ozone layer
  • more ultraviolet light reach Earth, increase of skin cancer
36
Q

Decomposer

A

-absorb most breakdown products and recycle nutrients back to the soil to nourish plants

37
Q

Diatoms

A

Photosynthetic protists in the ocean

38
Q

Phytoplankton

A

algae and photosynthetic bacteria in aquatic environments

39
Q

Primary ecological succession

A

Rebuilding of ecosystem in a lifeless area where soil has been removed

40
Q

What is the essential and dominant characteristic of primary ecological succesion?

A

soil building

41
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • Disruption of freshwater ecosystems
  • Runoff from sewage and manure increase nutrients in lakes and cause excessive growth
  • Organic material accumulates on the bottom, reduces the depth
  • Detritivores use up oxygen as they decompose organic matter
42
Q

Acid Rain

A
  • Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels
  • Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
43
Q

Acid Rain

A
  • Caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels
  • Nitrogen and sulfur pollutants cause pH of rain be less than 5.6
44
Q

Greenhouse effect

A
  • global warming
  • Burning of fossil fuels caused the concentrations of CO2 in the air to increase
  • CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared radiation reflecting off Earth, and temp rise
45
Q

Depletion of Ozone Layer

A
  • Accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons formed a hold in the ozone layer
  • more ultraviolet light reach Earth, increase of skin cancer
46
Q

Decomposer

A

-absorb most breakdown products and recycle nutrients back to the soil to nourish plants

47
Q

Diatoms

A

Photosynthetic protists in the ocean

48
Q

Phytoplankton

A

algae and photosynthetic bacteria in aquatic eenvironments

49
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Live in the nodules in the roots of legumes and convert free nitrogen into ammonia

50
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Convert ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates

51
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

convert nitrates into free nitrogen

52
Q

Decomposers

A

Bacteria that break down dead organic matter into ammonia

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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