Biochemistry Flashcards
Ground level
Electrons in the lowest available energy level
Excited state
When an atom absorbs energy and its electrons move to a higher energy level
Ionic bonds are between?
Metal to nonmetal
Covalent bonds are between?
non-metals
Anion
An atom that gains electrons; a NEGATIVE ion
Cation
A POSITIVE ion; loses an electron
What is the result of a covalent bond?
Molecule
What kind of molecule is CO2?
Nonpolar
Specific heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature 1 Celsius
Transpirational-pull cohesion tension
Water moves up a tall tree from roots to leaves without energy
Spring overturn
- ice covers surface of water when cold and melts in spring
- Becomes denser water, and sinks to the bottom, causing water to circulate throughout the lake
- Oxygen from the surface is returned to the depths and nutrients released by bottom-dwelling bacteria are carried up
- The cycling of teh nutrients in the lake
pH
- A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution
- Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter
- 1=0.1 molar; 2=0.01 molar
Acids
- release hydrogen ions
- start with a hydrogen
Bases
- accept hydrogen ions with hydroxide ion
- ends with OH
Bicarbonate ion
The most important buffer in human blood (HCO3-)
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose + Water
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose + Water
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose + Water
Where is glycogen stored in humans?
Liver and skeletal muscle
Saturated fats
- From animals
- Single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated fats
- From plants
- At least 1 double bond between Carbons
- fewer hydrogen atoms
3 uses of lipids
- Energy storage: 1 g = 9 calories
- Structural: Phospholipids
- Endocrine: Some are hormones
Primary Structure of protein
Sequence of amino acids that make up the protein chance
Secondary Structure of protein
Hydrogen bonding within the molecule
Tertiary structure
- 3D shape or conformation of a protein
- most directly determines the way it functions and its specificity
Quaternary structure
Proteins that consist of more than 1 polypeptide chain (hemoglobin)
substrate
The chemical an enzyme works on
Induced fit model
-As substrate enters the active site, it induces the enzyme to alter its shape so the substrate fits better
Enzyme function with the assistance from?
Cofactors(minerals) and coenzymes (vitamins)
Cofactors
minerals
coenzymes
vitamins
Prions
- Infectious proteins that cause brain diseases
- A misfolded version of a protein found in the brains and causes other proteins to misfold the same way
