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SAT II BIOLOGY > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Thymosin

A

Stimulates T lymphocytes as part of the immune response

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2
Q

Pheromenes

A
  • In urine of a dog
  • Carry a message between different individuals of a species
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3
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Nonepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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4
Q

Tropic Hormones

A
  • Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones and can have a far-reaching effect
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5
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • STimulated by ACTH to secrete steroid hormones together known as corticosteroids(from cholesterol)
    • glucocorticoids
    • mineralocorticoids
    • cortical sex hormones
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6
Q

What is the endocrine center of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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7
Q

Parathormone

A
  • Raises blood calcium levels
  • regulates calcium and phosphate balance between blood, bone, and other tissues
  • Increased horomone increases bone formation
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8
Q

Progesterone

A

Promotes uterine lining growth

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced in 1 tissue and carried by the blood to act on other body parts

Produced in ductless (endocrine) glands

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10
Q

Pineal

A
  • In brain
  • Melatonin
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11
Q

Androgens

A

Support sperm production and promote secondary sex characteristics of males

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12
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by Anterior pituitary

Stimulates growth of bones and body tissues

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13
Q

Thymus

A
  • In neck
  • THymosin
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14
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Secreted by adrenal cortex
  • ex/ cortisol, cortisone
  • raise blood sugar levels by gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis
  • reduce body’s immunological and inflammatory responses
  • elevated cortisol repsresses ACTH and lowers cortisol levels, acting as a feedback loop to maintain constant coritsol levels
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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems
  • acts part of the nervous system when it sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline
  • acts part of endocrine gland when it produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary
  • body’s thermostat
  • centers for regulating hunger and thirst
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16
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Produced by hypthalamus

SEcreted by posterior pituitary

Promotes kidney to reduce water loss

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17
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Secreted by Pancreas
  • Raises blood glucose levels
  • breakdown glycogen into glucose
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18
Q

Anterior pitutarry

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Luteininzing Hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Prolactin

FLAT PIG

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19
Q

Insulin

A
  • Secreted by Pancreas
  • Lowers blood glucose levels when glucose concentrations are high(like after a meal)
  • stimulates muscles and liver to convert glucose to glycogen
20
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Stimulates uterine lining
  • promotes development and maintenance of primary and secondary female characteristics
21
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced by hypothalamus

Secreted by posterior pituitary

Stimulates contractions of the uterus and mammary glands

22
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
23
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • ex/ body maintains thyroxin levels. WHen low, hypotalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release a thyroid-stimulating hormoen to relase more thyroxin
24
Q

Pancreas

A
  • endocrine function centered in the islets of Langerhans
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
25
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates ovaries and testes
  • Induces testes to mature by beginning to secrete testosterone
  • stimulates ovulation of the primary oocyte from the follicle
26
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary

Stimulates gonads to prodoce sperm and ova

27
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted by Pineal

Invloved in biorhythms

28
Q

Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

29
Q

Feedback Mechanism

A

A self-regulating mechanism that increases/decreases an action or the level of a substance

30
Q

Peptide Hormones

A
  • large, hydrophilic, charged
  • can’t diffuse across the plasma membrane
  • Protein receptors they bind to are located on the cell suface
    • activates receptor and causes it to transmit a signal into the cell
    • release secondary messengers(c-AMP) in the cell that amplify the signal and alter cell activities
  • produced as large inactive pro-hormones that are cleaved by proteases into smaller active peptides before released
  • stored in secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm waiting for signal to be dumped out into the blood
  • Can act quickly
31
Q

Flight or Fight Response

A
  • Body’s physical reactions to stress
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heartbeat
  • increase blood supply to skeletal muscle, heart, braine, while decrease supply to kidneys, skin ,digestive tract
  • elicited by sympathetic nervous stimulation
32
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • fight-or-flight hormone
  • neurotranmitter
33
Q

Thyroxin

A
  • A modifioed amino acid that contains 4 atoms of iodine
  • stimulates oxidative metabolism throughout body
  • Controls metabolic rate
  • Deficiency of thyroxin can cause:
    • Goiter(Swelling), decreased heart rate, lethargy, obesity, decreased mental alertness
  • too much can cause
    • Sweating, high body temp, inceased basal metabolic rate, high blood pressure, weight loss, irritability
34
Q

Testes

A
  • Androgens
35
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A
  • Secreted by adrenal cortex
  • ex/ aldosterone
  • regulte plama levels of sodium and potassium and extracellular water volume
  • causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive reabsorption of water in the kidney
36
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Direct extension of nervous tissue from hypothalamus
37
Q

Thyroid

A
  • Thyroxin
  • Calcitonin
38
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • Enhances an already existing response
  • ex/ Baby’s head against uterine opening sensors cause contractions, which causes more contractions until baby is born
39
Q

Prolactin

A

Secreted by Anterior pituitary

Responsible for milk production by the female mammary glands

40
Q

Parathyroid

A
  • Parathormone
41
Q

Signal Transduction Cascade

A
  • Indirect signaling by a hormone
  • releases secondary messengers in the cell that amplify the signal and alter cellular activites
42
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • small, hydrophobic
  • most are derived from cholesterol(lipid)
  • can diffuse through cell membrane
  • bind to steroid hormone receptors after diffusion
  • the receptors enter the nucleus and bind to target regions in genes that regulate transcription, turning the genes on or off
  • changes in gene transcription and protein expression
  • not stored after production
  • Take longer to produce aresponse
43
Q

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Secreted by anteriro pituitary

Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone, thyroxine

44
Q

Epinephrine; Nonepinephrine

A
  • Adrenaline; noradrenaline
  • neurotransmitters
  • Raises blood sugar level by increasing rate of glycogen breakdown into glucose by liver
  • increase basal metabolic rate
  • increase heart beat
  • increase blood supply to skeletal muscle, heart, and brain, while decreasing blood to the kidnesy, skin, digestive tract - “fight or flight response”
45
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by Thyroid

Lowers blood calcium levels

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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