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SAT II BIOLOGY > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Primitive plants
  • NO vascular tissue
  • Must live in MOIST environments
  • NO roots or xylem
  • Absorb water by diffusion
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2
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • HAVE xylem and phloem
  • Include ancient seedless plants(ferns) that reproduce by spores
  • seed plants - gymnosperms; angiosperms
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3
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Conifers
  • Dry conditions
  • Needle leaves
  • Thick and waxy cuticle
  • Stomates located in stomatal crypts to reduce water loss
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4
Q

Angiosperm

A
  • Flowering plants
  • AKA anthophyta
  • Most diverse and plentiful plants
  • monocotyledons(monocots); dicotyledons (dicots)
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5
Q

Monocot

A
  • ONE cotyledon
  • SCATTERED vascular bundles in stem
  • PARALLEL leaf veins
  • Floral parts in 3s
  • FIBROUS roots
  • ex/ grasses
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6
Q

Dicots

A
  • TWO cotyledons
  • vascular bundles in stme IN A RING
  • NETLIKE leaf veins
  • Floral pats in 4s or 5s
  • TAProots
  • ex/ trees, flowering plants
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7
Q

Cutin

A

Waxy coating on leaves to reduce water loss

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8
Q

Gametangia

A

Protective jack of cells that protect gametes and zygotes from drying out

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9
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A tough polymer that is resistant to environmental damage

Walls of spores and pollen

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10
Q

Desiccation

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

Meristem tissue

A
  • Continually divides, generating new cells
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12
Q

Primary growth

A
  • Vertical
  • Elongation of the plant down to soil and up to air
  • New cells from apical meristem
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13
Q

Apical meristem

A

Constantly dividing growth layer located at the buds of shoots and tips of the roots

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14
Q

Root growth

A
  • Concentrated near the root tip
  • From top to deeper into soil:
    • Zone of differentiation(epidermis, ground tissue, xylem, phloem)
    • Zone of elongation
    • Zone of cell division(apical meristem)
    • root cap
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15
Q

Root cap

A

Secretes substances that helps digest the earth as the root tip grows

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16
Q

Secondary Growth

A
  • Lateral growth
  • News cells produced by the lateral meristem
  • For woody plants
  • Responsible for the enlargement of the trunk
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17
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Covers root
  • modified for absorption
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18
Q

Cortex

A
  • Storage
  • Consists of parenchyma cells that contain many plastids for storage of starch
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19
Q

Plastids

A

Organelles found only in plants

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20
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

In the cortex; contain many plastsids for storage of starch

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21
Q

Stele

A
  • AKA vascular cylinder
  • Transport
  • xylem and phloem
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22
Q

Pericycle

A

In Monocots, Layerso of tissues where lateral roots arise

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23
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Layer of cells that surrounds the stele
  • Each endoderm cell is wrapped with the Casparian strip
  • To select what minerals enter the stele and body of the plant
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24
Q

Casparian strip

A

A continuous band of waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals

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25
Q

Lateral movement

A
  • Movement of water and solutes across a plant
  • Accomplished by the symplast and apoplast
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26
Q

Symplast

A

A continuous system of cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

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27
Q

Apoplast

A

The network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water within a plant

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28
Q

Mychorrhizae

A
  • Where older regions of roots lack root hairs
  • Supply the plant with water and minerals
  • Symbiotic structures consisting of the plant’s roots with the hyphae(filaments) of a fungus
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29
Q

Rhizobium

A
  • Symbiotic bacterium
  • Lives in the nodules on rootes of legumes
  • Fixes nitrogen gas from the air
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30
Q

Taproot

A
  • A single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots
  • Dicots
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31
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Roots that arise above ground

Aerial roots; Prop roots

32
Q

Aerial roots

A
  • For trees that grow in swamps or salt marshes
  • stick up out of the water and serve to aerate the root cells
33
Q

Prop roots

A

Grow aboveground to help support the plant

34
Q

Vascular bundles

A
  • Vascular tissue that run the length of the stem in strands
  • Xylem on the inside; phloem on the outside; meristem tissue in middle
35
Q

Pith

A

Parenchymal tissues modified for storage

36
Q

Leaf

A
  • Epidermis - Upper and Lower
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Guard cells
  • Palisade Mesophyll
  • Spongy Mesophyll
  • Veins
37
Q

Epidermis

A

Protection

Don’t contain chloroplasts and don’t photsynthesize

38
Q

Waxy cuticle

A
  • Made of cutin
  • Minimizes water loss
39
Q

Guard cells

A
  • Modified epidermal cells
  • Contain chloroplasts
  • Control the opening of the stomates in response to changes in water pressure
  • Become turgid(swollen) when absorb water by osmosis and let stomata open
  • Become flaccid when loset water and close stomates
40
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A
  • Tightly packed
  • Photosynthesis
41
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A
  • Loosely packed
  • Photosynthesis
  • Diffuse and exchange of gases into and out of these cells
42
Q

Veins

A
  • Located in the mesophyll
  • carry water and nutrients from soil to leaves
  • Carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant
43
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from leaf

44
Q

Trichomes

A

Spikelike projections that also protect the leaf

45
Q

What is ground tissue made of?

A
  • Parenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells
46
Q

Parenchyma cells

A
  • Thin and flexible primary cell wall
  • NO secondary cell wall
  • Traditional plant cells
47
Q

Collenchyma cells

A
  • UNEVENLY thickened primary cell walls
  • NO secondary cell walls
48
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A
  • Thick primary and secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin
  • Support
49
Q

The 2 types of elongated cells that make up the xylem

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

50
Q

Tracheids

A
  • Its secondary cell walls are hardened with lignin
  • Support and transport
51
Q

Xylem

A
  • Carries water and nutrients from soil UP agaisnt gravity with no energy
    • Transpirational pull
    • Cohesion tension
52
Q

Transpirational pull

A
  • For each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaft by transpiration, another water molecule is drawn in at the root to replace it
53
Q

What affects the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Humidity (high-slows down; low-speeds up)
  • Wind(reduce humidity-speed up)
  • Light intensity
  • Closing stomates stops
54
Q

Phloem

A
  • Made of sieve tube elements and companion cells
  • Carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant by translocation; requires energy
55
Q

Endosperm

A

Cotyledon

56
Q

Double fertilization

A
  1. Sperm + Ovum = Embryo (2n)
  2. Sperm + 2 polar bodies = Cotyledon(3n)
57
Q

What does the embryo of the seed contain?

A

Hypocotyl

Epicotyl

Radicle

58
Q

hypocotyl

A

Becomes the lower part of the stem and the roots

59
Q

Epicotyl

A

Becomes upper part of the stem

60
Q

Radicle

A

Embryonic Root; First organ to emerge from the germinating seed

61
Q

Gametophyte

A
  • n
  • Produces gametes by mitosisthat fuse during fertilization to yield 2n zygotes
  • Each zygote develops into a sporophyte(2n) that produces haploid spores(n) by meisis
62
Q

Gametophyte generation dominates the life cycle in….?

A
  • Mosses, bryophytes(primitive plants)
  • Haploid(n)
  • Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte and obtains its nutrients from it
63
Q

Fern

A
  • Seedless vascular plant
  • intermediate between brophytes and vascular plants
  • Sporophyte generation is larger and independent from gametophyte
  • Both photosynthesize
64
Q

Gametophyte is dependent on teh sporophyte in….?

A
  • seed plants (flowering and conifers)
  • Gametophyte generation exists inside the sporophyte generation
65
Q

Antheridium

A

Structure that produces sperm,

develops on the gametophyte

66
Q

Archegonium

A

Structure that produces eggs

Develops on gametophyte

67
Q

Megaspores

A

Produced by large FEMALE cones and will develop into female gametophytes

68
Q

Microspores

A

Produced by small MALE cones and develop into male gametophytes OR pollen grains

69
Q

Protonem

A

Branching filaments produced by germinating moss spores, becomes the gametophyte in moss

70
Q

Sporangia

A

Located on the tip of the mature sporophyte, wehre meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores

71
Q

Sori

A

Raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

72
Q

Auxins

A
  • Unequal distribution causes phototropism
  • enhance apical dominance
  • Stimulate stem elongation and growth by softening cell wall
  • Used as rooting powder to develop roots quickly
73
Q

Cytokinins

A
  • Stimulate cytokinesis and cell division
  • Delay senescence (aging) by inhibiting protein breakdown
74
Q

Gibberellins

A
  • Promote stem and leaf elongation
  • induce bolting(rapid growth of a floral stalk) to ensure pollination and seed dispersal
    *
75
Q

Abscisic Acid

A
  • Inhibits growth
  • Promotes seed dormancy
  • Enables plants to withstand drought
  • Closes stomates during water loss
76
Q

Ethylene gas

A
  • Promotes ripening, which triggers more gas
77
Q

Tropism

A
  • Growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
  • thigmotropisms(touch), geotropisms, gravitropisms(gravity, photostropisms(light)

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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