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SAT II BIOLOGY > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of Digestion

A
  1. Mechanical - breaking up food into small pieces
  2. Chemical - breakign down polymers with enzymes into small pieces
  3. Absorption - taking nutrients up into cells
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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A
  • path of food through the body
  • mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach small intestine - large intestine - rectum
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3
Q

Mouth

A
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion begins here
  • the enzyme salivary amylase in saliva begins starch digestion
  • tongue and teeth break down food mechanically
  • incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, molars for grinding
    *
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4
Q

Where does starch digestion begin?

A
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5
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • wavelike muscular action conducted by smooth msulce
  • esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
  • involuntary contractions
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6
Q

salivary amylase

A
  • pytalin
  • breaks starch into maltose
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7
Q

Esophagus

A
  • NO digestion occurs here
  • transports food from throat to stomach
  • peristalsis
  • foods is directed away from the windpipe by the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage in the back of the pharynx(throat)
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8
Q

Epiglottis

A

a flap of carilage in the back of the pharynx(throat)

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

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10
Q

Stomach

A
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Protein digestion begins here
  • thick, muscular wall churns food mechanically
  • gastric glands produce hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin
  • acidic, low pH(2-3) necessary from pepsin; destroys ingested microoragnisms
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11
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

A
  • begins the breakdown of muscle(meat)
  • activates the inactive enzyme pepsinogen to becom pepsin, which digests protein
    *
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12
Q

Pepsinogen

A

inactive enzyme activiated by hydrochloric acide to become pepsin, which breaks down protein

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13
Q

Rennin

A

aids the digestion of the protein in milk

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14
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A
  • at the top of the stomach
  • keeps acidified food in the stomach from backing up into the esophagus and burning it
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15
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A
  • bottom of stomach
  • keeps food inthe stomach long enough to be digested
  • Through it, Chyme enters the duodenum
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16
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach

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17
Q

What does excessive acid do?

A
  • cause an ulcer to form in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
  • another common cause of ulcers is Heliobacter pylori, bacterium
18
Q

Duodenum

A
  • 1st 10in of small intestine
  • Chyme enters the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter
  • All digestion is completed here
19
Q

Chyme

A

partially digested food in the stomach

20
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • All digestion is completed(duodenum) and nutrients are absorbed here
  • pH - 8
  • intestinal enzymes are amylases, proteases, lipases, nucleases
  • Pancreatic amylases are secreted in here
  • glands produce aminopeptidases for polypeptide digestion and disaccharidases
  • Peptidases(ex/ trypsin, chymotrypsin) continue to break down proteins
  • Millions of villi line the small intestine and absorb all the nutrients from digested food
21
Q

Villus(pl. Villi)

A
  • fingerlike projections that line the small intestine and absorb all nutrients from digested food
  • each contains:
    • Capillaires - absorbs amino acids, vitamins, monosaccharides directly into the bloodstream
    • lacteal - absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into the lymphatic system
  • have microscopic appendages called microvilli that further enhance the rate of absorption
  • epithelial cells
22
Q

Lacteal

A

Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into the lymphatic system

23
Q

Nuclease

A

Hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides

24
Q

Lipase

A

breaks down fats

25
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Secretes Peptidases, protein-digesting enzymes, into small intestine
  • Pancreatic proteases are stored in inactive froms called zymogens
    • prevents damage to pancreatic tissues that occurs if proteases are prematurely active
  • Produces amylas, trypsin, chymotrypsin
  • Alkaline range pH; bicarbonate ion neutralizes acidity of the chyme
26
Q

Peptidases/Proteases

A

Pepsin

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

27
Q

Amylase

A

breaks down starch

28
Q

Liver

A
  • Produces bile
  • Sends bile to the gallbladder until its release into the small intestine
  • Breaks down and recycles red blood cells
  • Detoxifies blood - removes alcohol and drugs
  • Produces cholesterol for structure of cell membranes
  • Produces urea from protein metabolism
  • Strorage of iron and vitamin B
  • Regulate blood glucose levels
29
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

30
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Delivers glucose and other monosaccharides absorbed in the small intestine during digestion to liver

31
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • When liver syntesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precurors when blood glucose levels are low
32
Q

What processes glucose-rich blood?

A
  • Liver converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver
33
Q

What happens when blood has a low glucose concentration?

A
  • liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood, restorign blood glucose levels to normal
  • gluconeogenesis
34
Q

Zymogens

A
  • Pancreatic proteases in inactive forms
  • activated after secretion when they are cleaved by another protease
  • prevetns dame to the pancreatic tissues that occurs if proteases are prematurely active
35
Q

Bile

A
  • Produced in liver; Stored in gallbladder
  • emulsifies fats in small intestine
  • pH 11; neutralizes chyme entering the small intestine
36
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Stores bile
  • Can function without
37
Q

Large Intestine/Colon

A
  • No digestion
  • Egestion
  • Vitamin production - bacteria symbionts livign in the colon produce the B vitamins, vitamin K, and folic acid
  • Reabsorption of water
    • Constipation
    • Diarrhea
38
Q

Egestion

A
  • Large intestine
  • removal of undigested waste
39
Q

Constipation

A

Too much water is reabsorbed from large intestine into body

40
Q

Diarrhea

A

Too little water absorbed back into body

41
Q

Rectum

A
  • Egestion
  • last 7-8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Stores feces until release through anus

SAT II BIOLOGY (26 decks)

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