The Human Brain

Question 1

What connects the two hemispheres

Answer 1

Corpus callosum

Question 2

What does the substantia nigra secrete

Answer 2

dopamine

Question 3

Why is the substantia nigra black

Answer 3

melanin

Question 4

What are the four brain divisions?

Answer 4

brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum and diencephalon

Question 5

What makes up the brainstem?

Answer 5

medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon

Question 6

Where do most of the cranial nerves originate

Answer 6

the brainstem

Question 7

What are the tracts in the brainstem

Answer 7

ascending, descending, fibre tracts and house keeping nuclei

Question 8

What is decussation and where does it occur

Answer 8

crossing over - brainstem

Question 9

Where is the medulla oblongata located

Answer 9

brainstem

Question 10

What is located in the medulla oblongata

Answer 10

olives, nerve roots, nuclei that control respiration

Question 11

What does the pons connect to

Answer 11

cerebellum via peduncles

Question 12

What is located in the pons

Answer 12

fibre tracts, respiratory centres

Question 13

Describe the cerebellum

Answer 13

made of folia, deep nuclei, lots of folds

Question 14

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

Answer 14

co-ordination, motor error, maintain muscle tone

Question 15

Name a disorder of the cerebellum

Answer 15

cerebellar ataxia

Question 16

What are the symptoms of cerebellar ataxia

Answer 16

loss of cerebellar neurones, jerky imprecise movements

Question 17

Where is the mesencephalon located

Answer 17

brainstem

Question 18

What is located in the mesencephalon?

Answer 18

cerebral peduncles, tectum, substantia nigra, nucleus ruber

Question 19

What does the tectum contain

Answer 19

superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi

Question 20

What colour is the nucleus ruber

Answer 20

red

Question 21

What is the function of the nucleus ruber

Answer 21

motor co-ordination

Question 22

What disease is associated with the substantia nigra

Answer 22

Parkinson’s

Question 23

What is the function of the mesencephalon

Answer 23

regulation of movement

Question 24

What is located in the reticular formation?

Answer 24

brainstem neurone clusters, cardiovascular centres, reticular activating system

Question 25

What is the reticular activating system involved in

Answer 25

circadian rhythm, alertness, emotion

Question 26

What is located in the diencephalon

Answer 26

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

Question 27

What does the diencephalon link

Answer 27

midbrain and cerebrum

Question 28

What is the diencephalon part of?

Answer 28

forebrain

Question 29

What is the thalamus?

Answer 29

processing and relay centre

Question 30

What is/are the function/s of the thalamus

Answer 30

motor role, arousal, emotion, higher functions

Question 31

What is the pineal gland

Answer 31

endocrine organ

Question 32

What does the pineal gland secrete

Answer 32

melatonin, serotonin

Question 33

What is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 33

sexual behaviour, autonomic nervous system function, eating and drinking

Question 34

Name the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 34

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, central, limbic

Question 35

How many layers are there of the neocortex

Answer 35

6

Question 36

What is the first layer of the neocortex

Answer 36

external granular layer

Question 37

What is the second layer of the neocortex

Answer 37

external pyramidal layer

Question 38

What is the third layer of the neocortex

Answer 38

internal granular layer

Question 39

What is the fourth layer of the neocortex

Answer 39

internal pyramidal layer

Question 40

What is the fifth layer of the nexocortex

Answer 40

fusiform layer

Question 41

What is the 6th layer of neocortex

Answer 41

white matter

Question 42

How was the cortex mapped

Answer 42

diret stimulation and lesions

Question 43

What area is damaged in Broca's aphasia

Answer 43

left frontal lobe

Question 44

What are the symptoms of Broca's aphasia

Answer 44

expressive aphasia, impaired speech

Question 45

What area is damaged in Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 45

posterior temporal lobe

Question 46

What are the symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 46

inappropriate words, fluent

Question 47

What are the modern mapping techniques of the cortex

Answer 47

PET scanning, functional MRI, Regional blood flow

Question 48

Function of the left hemisphere

Answer 48

speech, calculation, analysis

Question 49

Function of the right hemisphere

Answer 49

spatial, conceptual, artistic

Question 50

Name the basal ganglia

Answer 50

Globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 51

Where are basal ganglia located

Answer 51

deep within the nucleus

Question 52

What makes up the limbic system

Answer 52

hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, limbic lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 53

What is the function of the limbic system

Answer 53

memory, emotions

Question 54

What are the three types of cerebral tract fibres

Answer 54

association, commissural, projection

Question 55

function of association fibres

Answer 55

connect structures within hemispheres

Question 56

function of commissural fibres

Answer 56

connect between hemispheres

Question 57

example of commissural fibre

Answer 57

corpus callosum

Question 58

function of projection fibres

Answer 58

link to non-cortical areas