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BMS109 Neuroscience > The Human Brain > Flashcards

The Human Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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2
Q

What does the substantia nigra secrete

A

dopamine

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3
Q

Why is the substantia nigra black

A

melanin

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4
Q

What are the four brain divisions?

A

brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum and diencephalon

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5
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon

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6
Q

Where do most of the cranial nerves originate

A

the brainstem

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7
Q

What are the tracts in the brainstem

A

ascending, descending, fibre tracts and house keeping nuclei

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8
Q

What is decussation and where does it occur

A

crossing over - brainstem

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9
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located

A

brainstem

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10
Q

What is located in the medulla oblongata

A

olives, nerve roots, nuclei that control respiration

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11
Q

What does the pons connect to

A

cerebellum via peduncles

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12
Q

What is located in the pons

A

fibre tracts, respiratory centres

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13
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

made of folia, deep nuclei, lots of folds

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14
Q

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

A

co-ordination, motor error, maintain muscle tone

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15
Q

Name a disorder of the cerebellum

A

cerebellar ataxia

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebellar ataxia

A

loss of cerebellar neurones, jerky imprecise movements

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17
Q

Where is the mesencephalon located

A

brainstem

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18
Q

What is located in the mesencephalon?

A

cerebral peduncles, tectum, substantia nigra, nucleus ruber

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19
Q

What does the tectum contain

A

superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi

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20
Q

What colour is the nucleus ruber

A

red

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21
Q

What is the function of the nucleus ruber

A

motor co-ordination

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22
Q

What disease is associated with the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

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23
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalon

A

regulation of movement

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24
Q

What is located in the reticular formation?

A

brainstem neurone clusters, cardiovascular centres, reticular activating system

25
Q

What is the reticular activating system involved in

A

circadian rhythm, alertness, emotion

26
Q

What is located in the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

27
Q

What does the diencephalon link

A

midbrain and cerebrum

28
Q

What is the diencephalon part of?

A

forebrain

29
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

processing and relay centre

30
Q

What is/are the function/s of the thalamus

A

motor role, arousal, emotion, higher functions

31
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

endocrine organ

32
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin, serotonin

33
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

sexual behaviour, autonomic nervous system function, eating and drinking

34
Q

Name the lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, central, limbic

35
Q

How many layers are there of the neocortex

A

6

36
Q

What is the first layer of the neocortex

A

external granular layer

37
Q

What is the second layer of the neocortex

A

external pyramidal layer

38
Q

What is the third layer of the neocortex

A

internal granular layer

39
Q

What is the fourth layer of the neocortex

A

internal pyramidal layer

40
Q

What is the fifth layer of the nexocortex

A

fusiform layer

41
Q

What is the 6th layer of neocortex

A

white matter

42
Q

How was the cortex mapped

A

diret stimulation and lesions

43
Q

What area is damaged in Broca’s aphasia

A

left frontal lobe

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia, impaired speech

45
Q

What area is damaged in Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

posterior temporal lobe

46
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

inappropriate words, fluent

47
Q

What are the modern mapping techniques of the cortex

A

PET scanning, functional MRI, Regional blood flow

48
Q

Function of the left hemisphere

A

speech, calculation, analysis

49
Q

Function of the right hemisphere

A

spatial, conceptual, artistic

50
Q

Name the basal ganglia

A

Globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

51
Q

Where are basal ganglia located

A

deep within the nucleus

52
Q

What makes up the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, limbic lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus

53
Q

What is the function of the limbic system

A

memory, emotions

54
Q

What are the three types of cerebral tract fibres

A

association, commissural, projection

55
Q

function of association fibres

A

connect structures within hemispheres

56
Q

function of commissural fibres

A

connect between hemispheres

57
Q

example of commissural fibre

A

corpus callosum

58
Q

function of projection fibres

A

link to non-cortical areas

BMS109 Neuroscience (22 decks)

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