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BMS109 Neuroscience > Diseases of the Brain > Flashcards

Diseases of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of brain disease?

A

neurological, psychiatric

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2
Q

What neurological conditions are assessed to diagnose brain disease?

A

state of consciousness, mental state, cognition, cranial nerves

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3
Q

What psychiatric assessments diagnose brain disease?

A

mood, appearance, behaviour, delusion, hallucinations, cognition

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, increased muscle tone, shuffling gait

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5
Q

What is bradykinesia

A

very slow movements

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6
Q

What is akinesia?

A

little/no movements

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7
Q

What causes Parkinson’s

A

deficiency in dopamine

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8
Q

What region of the brain is affected in Parkinson’s

A

basal ganglia of substantia nigra, striatum

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9
Q

What are the four basal ganglia nuclei?

A

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, sub thalamic nuclei

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10
Q

Inputs from where feed the striatum

A

cortex, thalamus, brainstem, putamen

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11
Q

Describe the pathways of Parkinson’s

A

direct and indirect

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12
Q

What causes the Parkinson’s symptoms

A

excessive output from internal pallidal segment

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13
Q

How does loss of dopaminergic input from substantia nigra affect the indirect pathway

A

increases activity

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14
Q

How does loss of dopaminergic input from substantia nigra affect the direct pathway

A

decreases activity

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15
Q

What is the effect of injecting patients of Parkinson’s with L-Dopa

A

brief symptom reversal

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16
Q

What is L-Dopa

A

precursor to dopamine

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17
Q

What is the effect of taking L-Dopa orally

A

continuous benefits for ~ 5 years

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking L-Dopa orally?

A

increased motor fluctuations, drug related dyskinesia

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19
Q

What brain lesion gets rid of symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

lesion of internal segment of globus pallidus

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20
Q

What is a treatment of Parkinson’s

A

L-Dopa, dopamine receptor antagonists

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21
Q

What is the effect of dopamine receptor antagonists

A

increase activity in indirect pathway

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of the early stages of Huntington’s

A

hyper/dyskinesia, writhing movements, increased movement

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of the late stages of Huntington’s?

A

Dementia, dystonia, Akinesia

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24
Q

What is Huntington’s?

A

autosomal dominant disorder

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25
Q

What does Huntington’s result in?

A

neuronal death

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26
Q

Where does neuronal death occur in Huntington’s?

A

primarily external globus pallidus, secondarily internal globus pallidus

27
Q

What are the causes of Huntington’s associated with

A

nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions

28
Q

What protein is mutated in Huntington’s?

A

Huntingtin

29
Q

How are the ventricles affected in patients with Parkinson’s

A

Ventricle size increases

30
Q

What is the normal function of huntingtin?

A

neuronal binding proteins, inhibition of apoptosis

31
Q

What are the 3 main symptoms/signs of schizophrenia?

A

prodromal, positive, negative

32
Q

Which sign of schizophrenia is the hardest to treat

A

Negative signs

33
Q

Describe the prodromal signs of schizophrenia

A

sign the condition is coming on

34
Q

What are the prodromal signs of schizophrenia

A

social isolation, neglect, lack of emotion, odd behaviours

35
Q

Describe the positive signs of schizpohrenia

A

episodes of psychosis, reflect presence of abnormal behaviour

36
Q

What are the positive signs of schizophrenia

A

loss of reality, hallucinations, memory disturbances, delusions

37
Q

Describe the negative signs of schizophrenia

A

patient isnt overtly psychotic, chronic,

38
Q

What are the negative signs of schizophrenia

A

socially isolated, lack of motivation, low social drive

39
Q

What causes the negative signs of schizophrenia?

A

loss of brain matter

40
Q

When is schizophrenia diagnosed?

A

at least one psychotic episode, continuous for 6+ months

41
Q

What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?

A

paranoid, disorganised, catatonic

42
Q

Which type of schizophrenia is most common?

A

paranoid

43
Q

What is the main characteristic of paranoid schizophrenia

A

systematic delusions of persecution pre-dominate

44
Q

What is the main characteristic of disorganised schizophrenia

A

profound detonation of personality

45
Q

What is the main characteristic of catatonic schizophrenia

A

mute, abnormal postures, rare

46
Q

TRUE or FALSE - environmental factors can cause schizophrenia

A

False - but they can trigger it

47
Q

What areas of the brain can be affected in schizophrenia

A

globus pallidus, temporal lobes, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

48
Q

What happens to the globus pallidus in schizophrenia

A

reduced blood flow, not activated properly

49
Q

Describe the hippocampus in schizophrenics

A

reduced size, less blood flow

50
Q

How is the activation of the prefrontal cortex affected in schizophrenics?

A

decreased

51
Q

How is schizophrenia treated?

A

chlorpromazine, anti-psychotics, psychotherapy, social support

52
Q

What might be the cause of schizophrenia?

A

excessive dopamine receptor stimulation

53
Q

Where are dopamine receptors 1 and 5 expressed

A

cortex, hippocampus

54
Q

Which dopamine receptors have a low affinity for anti-psychotic drugs

A

1, 5

55
Q

Where are dopamine receptors 2,3 and 4 expressed

A

basal ganglia

56
Q

which dopamine receptors have a high affinity for anti-psychotic drugs

A

2,3,4

57
Q

Where are dopamine receptors 3 and 4 expressed

A

limbic system and cortex

58
Q

What are the symptoms of depression

A

low mood, altered appetite, reduced ability to concentrate, avolition, anhedonia

59
Q

Describe the pathology of depression

A

reduced hippocampal volume, vascular lesions-lesions, reduced nerve growth

60
Q

What are the two types of cerebrovascular accident - stroke

A

ischaemic, hemorrhagic

61
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a stroke?

A

blood flow to brain is interrupted

62
Q

What are the features of ischaemic stroke

A

embolus, thrombus, systemic hypo-perfusion

63
Q

What are the features of haemorrhagic strokes

A

entry of blood into CNS via rupture/anuerysm

BMS109 Neuroscience (22 decks)

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