Neurotransmitters Flashcards
What are the types of neurotransmitters
amino acids, amines, neuropetides
What are the characteristics of amino acid and amine neurotransmitters
small, bind to ligand gated ion channels and GPCRs, in synaptic vesicles
What are the characteristics of peptide neurotransmitters
large, activate GPCRs, in secretory granules
What is Dale’s principle
a neuron only has one neurotransmitter
Is Dale’s principle always valid?
No
What is gluatmate
most common excitatory neurotransmitter
Where is glutamate synthesised
neurons
TRUE or FALSE - Glutamate CANNOT pass the BBB
True
What receptors does glutamate interact with?
ionotropic NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors
What do NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors allow?
influx of Na+ into post-synaptic neuron
What is the effect of Na+ influx into the post-synaptic neuron
depolarisation - more likely to fire action potential
What supporting cell can take up gluatmate
glia
What do AMPA receptors mediate
fast excitatory transmission
What receptors often co-exist
NMDA and AMPA
Which receptors have a voltage dependent Mg2+ block
NMDA
Which receptor needs to be indirectly activate by another transmitter
NMDA
What is NMDA permeable to
Ca2+, K+, Na+
What is the effect of glutamate binding to AMPA receptors
Na+ and K+ currents making an EPSP
What is the precursor to GABA
glutamate
What does synthesis of GABA require ?
enzyme glutamatic acid decarboxylase
How is action of GABA terminated
selective uptake into presynaptic terminals
What is GABA
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
What does GABA produce
IPSPs via GABA gated chloride channels
Where is GABA found
CNS, cortex, striatum
What is the effect of too much GABA
coma
What is the effect of chloride influx into the cell
suppresses neuron from firing
What channels can GABA inhibit
calcium channels
What chemicals can modulate the effect of GABA
ethanol, barbiturate, benzodiazepine
What are barbiturates
sedatives, anti-convulsants
Where are opioids formed
Rough ER
What are opioids packaged into
secretory granules
Where are opioid receptors concentrated
nociceptive areas
What are the main types of opioid receptors
mu, kappa, sigma
What can opioid receptors be coupled to
inhibitory G-proteins
What do opioid receptors act as
modulators
What is the function of opioid receptors
decrease excitability of the cell
What are the therapeutic uses of opioids
analgesia, intestinal disorders, anti-tussive
Where do neurons arise
central core of brain - brainstem
Name some types of transmitters
ACh, catecholamines, serotonin
What is ChAT a good marker for
cholinergic neurons
Where is Acetyl CoA produced
cellular respiration in mitochondria
How is AcH synthesised
combining Acetyl CoA and choline
What enzyme catalyses the formation of ACh
choline acetyltransferase
What prevents release of ACh
BOTOX
What inhibits AChE
nerve gas
What blocks ACh receptors
nicotinic - curare
muscarinic - atropine
What are the 2 cholinergic complexes
basal forebrain, pontomesencphalotegmental
Where is the pontomesencphalotegmental complex located
pons and midbrain
What is the function of the basal forebrain complex
regulate brain excitability during arousal
Name a nicotinic drug
curare
Name a muscarinic drug
atropine
What are the two catecholamine systems?
dopaminergic, noradrenergic
What is the rate limiting factor of catecholamine synthesis
tyrosine hydroxylase
Where is dopamine b-hydroxylase found
synaptic vesicles
How are most catecholamines removed
re uptake into presynaptic terminals
What is COMT
enzyme that degrades noradrenaline
Where is noradrenaline metabolised by COMT
cytoplasm
Where are catecholamines metabolised by MAO
outer mitochondria membrane
Where are neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway found?
substantia nigra - midbrain
Describe the nigrostriatal pathway
major dopaminergic pathway
Where do the axons of the nigrostriatal pathway project
stratum
function of the nigrostriatal pathway
initiation of voluntary movements
what does degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway cause?
Parkinson’s disease
What characterises Parkinson’s disease
motor dysfunction
What neurotransmitter decreases in Parkinson’s
dopamine
What can treat Parkinson’s
L-Dopa, MAO-B inhibitors
What is the function of L-Dopa
removes the rate limiting step of TH - increases dopamine
What is the function of MAO-B inhibitors
reduce breakdown of dopamine
Where are neurons of the mesocorticolimbic pathway found?
ventral tegumental area - midbrain
Where do axons of the mesocorticolimbic pathway project
frontal cortex and limbic system
What are the functions of the mesocorticolimbic system
Reward system, motivation, addiction
What does the noradrenergic system arise from
locus coeruleus
What does the noradrenergic system innervate
all the brain
What does the noradrenergic system regulate
attention, arousal, pain, sleep, learning, memory
What activates the noradrenergic system most
new unexpected non-painful stimuli
What is released by the serotonergic system
serotonin
What does the serotonergic system arise from
Raphe Nuclei
Describe the projection of neurons of the serotonergic system
each neuron - different region of the brain
What does the serotonergic system modulate
pain related sensory signals, sleep wake cycle, mood
When is the serotonergic system most active
wakefulness
What are the three steps in the life cycle of 5-HT
tryptophan, 5HT receptors, termination of activity
How many subtypes of 5HT receptors are there
7
How is tryptophan obtained
diet
Describe the subtypes of 5HT receptors
excitatory or inhibitory
What are the 5HT subtype receptors
6 - metabotropic
1 - ionotropic
What is the function of Fluoxetine
selectively prevents 5HT uptake
What kind of drug is fluoxetine
serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitor
What is the function of MAO-A inhibitors
reduce enzymatic degradation of 5HT, noradrenaline
What is a side effect of MAO-A inhibitors
hypertensive crisis
What does ATP bind to
purinergic receptors
Name two purinergic receptors
P2X, P2Y
What type of receptors is P2X
ligand gated ion channel
What type of receptor is P2Y
G protein coupled receptors
What do endocannabinoids bind to
GPC cannaboid receptors
What is nitric oxide
small, membrane permeable gasotransmitter