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BMS109 Neuroscience > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is refraction

A

bending of light due to difference in speed through different media

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2
Q

How does light travel

A

straight lines

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3
Q

How can light be manipulated

A

reflected, absorbed and refracted

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4
Q

What is the cornea important for

A

refraction

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5
Q

What is the function of the sclera

A

protection and maintenance of shape

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6
Q

What is the function of extra ocular muscles

A

move the eyeball

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7
Q

What controls the extra-ocular muscles

A

occulomotor nerve

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8
Q

Describe the optic disk

A

where blood vessels and nerves come into the eye

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9
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve

A

carries axons from the retina to the brain

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10
Q

Describe the macula

A

region of retina, devoid of large blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the function of the macula

A

central vision , quality of vision

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12
Q

Describe the fovea

A

thin, area of highest visual acuity

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13
Q

Where is the fovea located

A

macula

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14
Q

What does the fovea contain

A

photoreceptors

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15
Q

What is the aqueous humour

A

watery fluid

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16
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humour

A

provide nutrients to cornea and lens

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17
Q

When is the vitreous humour formed

A

embryonic development

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18
Q

Function of the canal of schlemm

A

drain the aqueous humour

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19
Q

What is the vitreous humour

A

viscous fluid - jelly like

20
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humour

A

keeps the eyeball spherical, pushes retina down, provides clearer images

21
Q

Name two diseases of the eye

A

cataracts, glaucoma

22
Q

What is attached to the lens

A

zonal fibres

23
Q

What is the function of zonal fibres

A

enable stretching of the lens

24
Q

Describe cataracts

A

clouding of the lens

25
Q

Why does cataracts occur

A

changes in composition of the aqueous humour

26
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

slowed uptake of aqueous humour

27
Q

What are the symptoms of glaucoma

A

elevated intraocular pressure, compression of the optic nerve, reduced BS to retina

28
Q

Why does light move slower through the retina

A

increased density

29
Q

What determines degree of refraction

A

difference between two media

30
Q

How much refraction is needed for straight light rays

A

less

31
Q

Describe the lens when looking at distant objects

A

flattened, weak

32
Q

Describe the lens when looking at closer objects

A

rounded, strong

33
Q

Descirbe the ciliary muscle when looking on distant objects

A

relaxed

34
Q

What is the effect of rounding the lens

A

increases refractive power to focus closer objects

35
Q

Name some problems with focusing

A

hyperopia, myopia, presbyopia

36
Q

Describe hyperopia

A

far sightedness, not enough refraction

37
Q

How is hyperopia corrected

A

convex lens - increases refraction

38
Q

Describe myopia

A

short sightedness, long eyeball, more refraction

39
Q

What is presbyopia

A

loss of accommodation with ages - affects lens

40
Q

What regulates light levels

A

iris

41
Q

What constricts pupils

A

smooth circular msucle

42
Q

What dilates pupils

A

smooth radial muscle

43
Q

What innervates the muscles of the pupil

A

autonomic nervous system

44
Q

Which muscles in the eye does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate

A

inner circular muscles

45
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic NS on the pupil

A

constriction

46
Q

What muscles of the eye does the sympathetic NS innervate

A

outer radial muscles

47
Q

What is the function of the pupillary light reflex

A

enables us to adjust to changes in light intensity

BMS109 Neuroscience (22 decks)

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