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Anatomy and physiology > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

right side of heart

A

pulmonary circuit
blood vessels go to and from lungs
blood pumped to lungs (get rid of CO2 and pick up O2) and return to heart

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2
Q

size of heart

A

about half pound
2/3 is in left half of body
apex towards left hip

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3
Q

heart is located in the BLANK cavity

A

mediastinum (a cavity), which is located inside the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

left side of heart

A

systemic circuit

blood vessels bring oxygen to body tissues and return to get more O2

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5
Q

Dense connective tissue
Protects heart
Anchors to tissues
Prevents overfilling of heart with blood

A

fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

Two-layer serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer (a.k.a., epicardium)

A

serous pericardium

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7
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardium fills with fluid
Places pressure on the heart, affects its ability to function

Cardiac arrest
Death
Treatment: Remove the fluid (pericardiocentesis)

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8
Q

visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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9
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

Connective tissue fibers form a network called the cardiac skeleton

A

myocardium

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10
Q

Endothelium (squamous epithelium) lines heart chambers, covers valves, continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

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11
Q

customized organs

A

dump detergent into heart, so all old cells dumped out

then, pump your endothelial cells into the cardiac skeleton

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12
Q

“Receiving” chambers

Thin-walled because small contraction required to push blood into ventricles

A

Atria

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13
Q

“Discharging” chambers

These are thick-walled “pumps”

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

know ALL of slide 10 and slide 12

A

yes

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15
Q

body regions above diaphragm

A

superior vena cava

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16
Q

body regions below diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

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17
Q

blood enters from myocardium

A

coronary sinus (feeds to heart itself)

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18
Q

blood enters left atrium from lungs through 4

A

pulmonary veins

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19
Q

pumps blood via pulmonary trunk (arteries) to lungs

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

pumps blood via aorta to body

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

Dividing walls (“septa”) exist

A

(interatrial, interventricular)

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22
Q

left ventricle is stronger than heart because it…

A

pumps to whole body

right ventricle–lungs only

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23
Q

surface of heart; blood vessels nourish myocardium

A

Grooves (“sulci”)

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24
Q

blood flows one direction:
Atria =>Ventricles => Arteries
Open/close based on BP changes on both sides

A

valves

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25
valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
atrioventricular valves
26
Between right atrium /ventricle
tricuspid valve (AV valve)
27
Between left atrium/ventricle
mitreal valve (AV valves)
28
(“heart strings”) anchor valve cusps (“flaps”) to papillary muscles in ventricular walls
chordae tendinae
29
mitral valve prolapse
slightly leaky valves. But, severe valve deformities can cause serious heart problems.
30
slide 15
yes
31
Prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle
pulmonary valves
32
semilunar (SL) valves
pulmonary and aortic valve ventricles contract, SL valves open and AV valves close eventually ventricles relax and aortia forces valves to close
33
prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle
aortic valve
34
know slide 17
yes
35
pulmonary circuit is reversed in what we traditionally think of as arteries and veins
slide 17
36
right ventricle
smaller, weaker, pulmonary circuit is less pressure
37
left ventricle
thicker, stronger
38
heart is half a percent of body wt
5 percent of blood supply
39
coronary circulation
Shortest circulation in body; nourishes heart
40
Arise from base of aorta; provide blood to heart when it’s not contracting (because compression stops blood flow)
coronary arteries
41
cardiac veins
Collect blood and return it to right atrium via coronary sinus
42
Angina pectoris
Chest pain fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium stress or increased physical demand forewarning of bad things to come
43
Myocardial infarction
“Heart attack” Prolonged blockage of coronary artery results in dead tissue due to lack of blood supply (infarct) Cardiac muscle cells are amitotic, so dead tissue is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue
44
Cardiac muscle cells are
amitotic
45
amitotic, so tissue replaced with...
noncontractile scar tissue
46
skeletal vs cardiac muscle
cells connected at intercalated discs (contain desmosomes and gap junctions) the myocardium can behave single coordinated unit (functional syncytium)
47
type of muscle with gap junctions b/w cells
gap junctions
48
pacemaker cells present in what muscle
skeletal and cardiac
49
tetanus not possible in what type of muscle
cardiac
50
ATP supply aerobic only (more mitochondria)
cardiac
51
mitochondria makes up how much of cardiac muscle
25-35 percent | resistant to fatigue
52
myofibrils have to accomodate more mitochondria, so they...
branch around them | why the striations don't exist in cardiac
53
properties of cardiac muscle (4)
1) Some self-excitable. 2) unit. 3) Not Tetanic contractions 4) aerobic respiration.
54
pacemaker cells
Noncontractile; spontaneously depolarize When pacemaker cells depolarize, gap junctions (which connect all the cells electrically) allow cells to depolarize in unison Because of this heart beats without neural input
55
which cells have unstable resting potential
pacemaker cells
56
why unstable resting potential in pacemaker cells?
na constantly leaking into the cells and depolarizing
57
after threshold point, what causes action potential in pacemaker cells?
calcium flooding into cell
58
heart’s pacemaker | right atrium
Sinoatrial (SA) node
59
atria and ventricles not connected by gap junctions, only by...
AV bundle
60
Purkinje fibers
carry impulse=>ventricular walls=>cell-to-cell (via gap junctions)
61
Rapid, irregular, contractions Control of heart rhythm taken away from SA node Fibrillating heart is like a squirming bag of worms; quivering and not pumping blood
Fibrillation
62
what does a defibrillator do?
electric shock depolarizes entire myocardium
63
Damage to intrinsic cardiac conduction system ventricles not receive pacing signals Ventricles beat at own rate (too slow)
heart block
64
common reason to get artificial pacemaker
heart block
65
how does nervous system modify heart rhythm
sympathetic increase rate & force of beat | parasympathetic slow beat (impulses via vagus nerve)
66
cardiac cell action potential tracing
brief stable resting potential rapid depolarization plateau phase
67
plateau phase (2)
1) Sustained contraction eject blood from heart (2) Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions (which in turn allows the heart to fill with blood for the next beat)
68
What is the plateau phase
Ca influx means depolarization continues because K channels mostly closed
69
EKG
slide 30
70
P wave
Depolarization of atria
71
QRS complex
Depolarization of ventricles
72
Q wave
Beginning of ventricular depolarization (but may not be visible in ECG) Atria repolarize, but “wave” obscured by QRS
73
generally won't see
repolarization of atria
74
T wave
Repolarization of ventricles
75
3 intervals of EKG
PR: From atrial to ventricular depolarization ST: Ventricular myocytes in plateau phase; entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized QT: From ventricular depolarization to repolarization
76
long QT syndrome
problem with repolarization (often genetic) (treatable w/med) can cause ventricular arrhythmia (fainting) or ventricular fibrillation and sudden death
77
cardiac cycle
heartbeat
78
systole (atria)
heart contraction
79
diastole (atria)
heart relaxation
80
SV
Stroke volume (how much blood is pumped out of ventricle; EDV – ESV = SV)
81
KNOW SLIDE 34
good to understand
82
EDV
maximum blood in ventricle (about 120 mL)
83
ESV
amount of blood pumped out (50 mL)
84
blood flow is due to
pressure changes
85
cardiac cycle
one heartbeat (about 0.8 sec)
86
how long does the atrial systole last?
0.1 seconds
87
how long does the ventricular systole last?
0.3 seconds
88
how long does the quiescent systole last?
total heart relaxation--0.4 seconds
89
pumping pressure differs per side (pulmonary: 24/10 mmHg)
left side (systemic circuit: 120/80 mmHg
90
LUB sound (AV valves close)
Tricuspid and mitral valves | louder and longer sound
91
dup sound (semilunar valves close)
Pulmonary and aortic valves shorter and sharper sound pause (quiescent phase)
92
swishing sound (regurgitation of blood--insufficient valve)
heart murmur
93
SUPER IMPORTANT: Cardiac output formula
Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR) CO = SV x HR = (70 mL/beat) x (75 beats/minute) = 5250 mL/minute = 5.25 L/minute
94
Cardiac Reserve
Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output Nonathletes: 4x to 5x resting cardiac output (20 to 25 L/min) Athletes: 7x resting cardiac output (35 L/min)
95
Regulation of stroke volume (SV)
Whatever affects EDV and ESV affects stroke volume (SV) Exercise increases amount of blood returning to heart (venous return), which increases EDV, which in turn increases SV (i.e., ventricles pump more than 70 mL/beat)
96
pressure that blood in aorta exerts on aortic valve is too high
hypertension | heart has to contract harder
97
increase cardiac output
sympathetic system stimuli
98
Without vagus nerve, SA node would be
100 bpm
99
women (72-80 bpm)
men (64-72 bpm)
100
hyperkalemia
Excessive K+ in blood depolarizes heart cells cardiac arrest used in lethal injections
101
tachycardia
abnormally fast (>100 bpm)
102
bradycardia
``` abnormally slow (<60 bpm) athletes ```
103
Congestive heart failure
Blood congests (dams up) in veins returning blood to heart; heart pumping is insufficient
104
Causes of congestive heart failure
coronary athlerosclerosis--fat buildup in coronary arteries hypertensioin--diastolic pressure high, left ventricle must pump hard, heart weakens myocardial infarction--dead heart cells replaced by noncontractile fibrous tissue
105
Pulmonary congestion
left side of heart fails first blood builds up in lungs suffocation (pulmonary edema)
106
peripheral congestion
right side fails blood stagnates in organs edema noticeable in extremities
107
treatment for CHF
diuretics (removes excess leaked fluids) reducing pressure on aortic valve with drugs lower BP digitals and drugs increase heart contractility

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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