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Anatomy and physiology > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

right side of heart

A

pulmonary circuit
blood vessels go to and from lungs
blood pumped to lungs (get rid of CO2 and pick up O2) and return to heart

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2
Q

size of heart

A

about half pound
2/3 is in left half of body
apex towards left hip

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3
Q

heart is located in the BLANK cavity

A

mediastinum (a cavity), which is located inside the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

left side of heart

A

systemic circuit

blood vessels bring oxygen to body tissues and return to get more O2

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5
Q

Dense connective tissue
Protects heart
Anchors to tissues
Prevents overfilling of heart with blood

A

fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

Two-layer serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer (a.k.a., epicardium)

A

serous pericardium

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7
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardium fills with fluid
Places pressure on the heart, affects its ability to function

Cardiac arrest
Death
Treatment: Remove the fluid (pericardiocentesis)

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8
Q

visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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9
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

Connective tissue fibers form a network called the cardiac skeleton

A

myocardium

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10
Q

Endothelium (squamous epithelium) lines heart chambers, covers valves, continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

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11
Q

customized organs

A

dump detergent into heart, so all old cells dumped out

then, pump your endothelial cells into the cardiac skeleton

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12
Q

“Receiving” chambers

Thin-walled because small contraction required to push blood into ventricles

A

Atria

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13
Q

“Discharging” chambers

These are thick-walled “pumps”

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

know ALL of slide 10 and slide 12

A

yes

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15
Q

body regions above diaphragm

A

superior vena cava

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16
Q

body regions below diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

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17
Q

blood enters from myocardium

A

coronary sinus (feeds to heart itself)

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18
Q

blood enters left atrium from lungs through 4

A

pulmonary veins

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19
Q

pumps blood via pulmonary trunk (arteries) to lungs

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

pumps blood via aorta to body

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

Dividing walls (“septa”) exist

A

(interatrial, interventricular)

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22
Q

left ventricle is stronger than heart because it…

A

pumps to whole body

right ventricle–lungs only

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23
Q

surface of heart; blood vessels nourish myocardium

A

Grooves (“sulci”)

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24
Q

blood flows one direction:
Atria =>Ventricles => Arteries
Open/close based on BP changes on both sides

A

valves

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25
Q

valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract

A

atrioventricular valves

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26
Q

Between right atrium /ventricle

A

tricuspid valve (AV valve)

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27
Q

Between left atrium/ventricle

A

mitreal valve (AV valves)

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28
Q

(“heart strings”) anchor valve cusps (“flaps”) to papillary muscles in ventricular walls

A

chordae tendinae

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29
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

slightly leaky valves. But, severe valve deformities can cause serious heart problems.

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30
Q

slide 15

A

yes

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31
Q

Prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle

A

pulmonary valves

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32
Q

semilunar (SL) valves

A

pulmonary and aortic valve
ventricles contract, SL valves open and AV valves close
eventually ventricles relax and aortia forces valves to close

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33
Q

prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle

A

aortic valve

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34
Q

know slide 17

A

yes

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35
Q

pulmonary circuit is reversed in what we traditionally think of as arteries and veins

A

slide 17

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36
Q

right ventricle

A

smaller, weaker, pulmonary circuit is less pressure

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37
Q

left ventricle

A

thicker, stronger

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38
Q

heart is half a percent of body wt

A

5 percent of blood supply

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39
Q

coronary circulation

A

Shortest circulation in body; nourishes heart

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40
Q

Arise from base of aorta; provide blood to heart when it’s not contracting (because compression stops blood flow)

A

coronary arteries

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41
Q

cardiac veins

A

Collect blood and return it to right atrium via coronary sinus

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42
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain
fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
stress or increased physical demand
forewarning of bad things to come

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43
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

“Heart attack”
Prolonged blockage of coronary artery results in dead tissue due to lack of blood supply (infarct)
Cardiac muscle cells are amitotic, so dead tissue is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue

44
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are

A

amitotic

45
Q

amitotic, so tissue replaced with…

A

noncontractile scar tissue

46
Q

skeletal vs cardiac muscle

A

cells connected at intercalated discs (contain desmosomes and gap junctions)

the myocardium can behave single coordinated unit (functional syncytium)

47
Q

type of muscle with gap junctions b/w cells

A

gap junctions

48
Q

pacemaker cells present in what muscle

A

skeletal and cardiac

49
Q

tetanus not possible in what type of muscle

A

cardiac

50
Q

ATP supply aerobic only (more mitochondria)

A

cardiac

51
Q

mitochondria makes up how much of cardiac muscle

A

25-35 percent

resistant to fatigue

52
Q

myofibrils have to accomodate more mitochondria, so they…

A

branch around them

why the striations don’t exist in cardiac

53
Q

properties of cardiac muscle (4)

A

1) Some self-excitable.
2) unit.
3) Not Tetanic contractions
4) aerobic respiration.

54
Q

pacemaker cells

A

Noncontractile; spontaneously depolarize
When pacemaker cells depolarize, gap junctions (which connect all the cells electrically) allow cells to depolarize in unison
Because of this heart beats without neural input

55
Q

which cells have unstable resting potential

A

pacemaker cells

56
Q

why unstable resting potential in pacemaker cells?

A

na constantly leaking into the cells and depolarizing

57
Q

after threshold point, what causes action potential in pacemaker cells?

A

calcium flooding into cell

58
Q

heart’s pacemaker

right atrium

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

59
Q

atria and ventricles not connected by gap junctions, only by…

A

AV bundle

60
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

carry impulse=>ventricular walls=>cell-to-cell (via gap junctions)

61
Q

Rapid, irregular, contractions
Control of heart rhythm taken away from SA node
Fibrillating heart is like a squirming bag of worms; quivering and not pumping blood

A

Fibrillation

62
Q

what does a defibrillator do?

A

electric shock depolarizes entire myocardium

63
Q

Damage to intrinsic cardiac conduction system ventricles not receive pacing signals
Ventricles beat at own rate (too slow)

A

heart block

64
Q

common reason to get artificial pacemaker

A

heart block

65
Q

how does nervous system modify heart rhythm

A

sympathetic increase rate & force of beat

parasympathetic slow beat (impulses via vagus nerve)

66
Q

cardiac cell action potential tracing

A

brief stable resting potential
rapid depolarization
plateau phase

67
Q

plateau phase (2)

A

1) Sustained contraction eject blood from heart
(2) Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions (which in turn allows the heart to fill with blood for the next beat)

68
Q

What is the plateau phase

A

Ca influx means depolarization continues because K channels mostly closed

69
Q

EKG

A

slide 30

70
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of atria

71
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles

72
Q

Q wave

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarization (but may not be visible in ECG)
Atria repolarize, but “wave” obscured by QRS

73
Q

generally won’t see

A

repolarization of atria

74
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

75
Q

3 intervals of EKG

A

PR: From atrial to ventricular depolarization
ST: Ventricular myocytes in plateau phase; entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized
QT: From ventricular depolarization to repolarization

76
Q

long QT syndrome

A

problem with repolarization (often genetic) (treatable w/med)
can cause ventricular arrhythmia (fainting) or ventricular fibrillation and sudden death

77
Q

cardiac cycle

A

heartbeat

78
Q

systole (atria)

A

heart contraction

79
Q

diastole (atria)

A

heart relaxation

80
Q

SV

A

Stroke volume (how much blood is pumped out of ventricle; EDV – ESV = SV)

81
Q

KNOW SLIDE 34

A

good to understand

82
Q

EDV

A

maximum blood in ventricle (about 120 mL)

83
Q

ESV

A

amount of blood pumped out (50 mL)

84
Q

blood flow is due to

A

pressure changes

85
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one heartbeat (about 0.8 sec)

86
Q

how long does the atrial systole last?

A

0.1 seconds

87
Q

how long does the ventricular systole last?

A

0.3 seconds

88
Q

how long does the quiescent systole last?

A

total heart relaxation–0.4 seconds

89
Q

pumping pressure differs per side (pulmonary: 24/10 mmHg)

A

left side (systemic circuit: 120/80 mmHg

90
Q

LUB sound (AV valves close)

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves

louder and longer sound

91
Q

dup sound (semilunar valves close)

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves
shorter and sharper sound
pause (quiescent phase)

92
Q

swishing sound (regurgitation of blood–insufficient valve)

A

heart murmur

93
Q

SUPER IMPORTANT: Cardiac output formula

A

Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

CO = SV x HR
= (70 mL/beat) x (75 beats/minute)
= 5250 mL/minute
= 5.25 L/minute

94
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
Nonathletes: 4x to 5x resting cardiac output (20 to 25 L/min)
Athletes: 7x resting cardiac output (35 L/min)

95
Q

Regulation of stroke volume (SV)

A

Whatever affects EDV and ESV affects stroke volume (SV)
Exercise increases amount of blood returning to heart (venous return), which increases EDV, which in turn increases SV (i.e., ventricles pump more than 70 mL/beat)

96
Q

pressure that blood in aorta exerts on aortic valve is too high

A

hypertension

heart has to contract harder

97
Q

increase cardiac output

A

sympathetic system stimuli

98
Q

Without vagus nerve, SA node would be

A

100 bpm

99
Q

women (72-80 bpm)

A

men (64-72 bpm)

100
Q

hyperkalemia

A

Excessive K+ in blood depolarizes heart cells
cardiac arrest
used in lethal injections

101
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast (>100 bpm)

102
Q

bradycardia

A 
abnormally slow (<60 bpm)
athletes
103
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Blood congests (dams up) in veins returning blood to heart; heart pumping is insufficient

104
Q

Causes of congestive heart failure

A

coronary athlerosclerosis–fat buildup in coronary arteries
hypertensioin–diastolic pressure high, left ventricle must pump hard, heart weakens
myocardial infarction–dead heart cells replaced by noncontractile fibrous tissue

105
Q

Pulmonary congestion

A

left side of heart fails first
blood builds up in lungs
suffocation (pulmonary edema)

106
Q

peripheral congestion

A

right side fails
blood stagnates in organs
edema noticeable in extremities

107
Q

treatment for CHF

A

diuretics (removes excess leaked fluids)
reducing pressure on aortic valve with drugs lower BP
digitals and drugs increase heart contractility

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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