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Anatomy and physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cells

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle cells

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3
Q

Muscle tissue vascularized?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Mostly cells or extracellular matrix?

A

Mostly cells

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5
Q

Does skeletal have striations?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Skeletal–voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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7
Q

What is a myofilament?

A

Filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, ex: actin and myosin

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8
Q

Skeletal–contracts rapidly, tires easily

A

True

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9
Q

Skeletal–nuclei peripherally located in cells

A

True

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10
Q

Cardiac–

A

Doesn’t tire, interdigitate, involuntary

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11
Q

Cardiac–own pacemaker

A

Heart beats without stimulation from nervous system

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12
Q

No striations

A

Smooth

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13
Q

Striated

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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14
Q

Hollow organs
Slow, sustained contractions move fluid
Involuntary

A

Smooth

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15
Q

Which one makes muscle tissue unique?
Excitability (responsiveness to stimulus)
Contractility (shorten fully upon stimulation)
Extensibility extension or stretch even beyond resting length
Elasticity (can recoil and relax back to resting length)

A

Contractility

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16
Q

Excitability

A

(responsiveness to stimulus)

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17
Q

Contractility

A

Shorten forcefully upon stimulation

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18
Q

Extensibility

A

Extend or stretch even beyond resting length

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19
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to resume resting length after stretching

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20
Q

Produce movement
Posture and position against gravity
Stabilize joints
Generate heat via contraction

A

Muscle function

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21
Q

Forms valves

A

Smooth

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22
Q

Dilates/constricts pupils of eyes

A

Smooth

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23
Q

Forms arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles

A

Smooth

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24
Q

Muscles are demanding

A

Arteries supply oxygen and nutrients because high demand

Veins eliminate wastes (great quantities)

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25
Q

Connective tissue covers each…?

A

Fiber (muscle cell)

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26
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue wraps entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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27
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

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28
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue surrounds each fiber (cell)

A

endomysium

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29
Q

Sheaths continuous with

A

Each other and tendons

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29
Q

Sheaths continuous with

A

Each other and tendons

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30
Q

Muscle fibers contract to pull on sheaths

A

Sheaths transmit force to bones

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31
Q

Origin

A

Less movable bone

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32
Q

Insertion

A

Movable bone

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33
Q

Direct (fleshy) epimysium fused to

A

Periosteum(bone) or perichondrium (cartilage)

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34
Q

Indirect rope-like tendon or sheet like aponeurosis connects muscle to

A

Connective tissue covering of bone, cartilage, or other muscles

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35
Q

Under sarcolemma

A

Multiple nuclei

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36
Q

Granules stored glycogen muscles can break down to glucose and produce atp

A

Glycosomes

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37
Q

Red pigment stores oxygen, similar to hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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38
Q

Dark bands

A

A bands

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39
Q

Light bands

A

I bands

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40
Q

Contactile unit

A

Z disk to z disk

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41
Q

Muscle contraction requires

A

Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules

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42
Q

Protein (heads/warts stick off protein in cross bridge cycle

A

Myosin

43
Q

Run out of ATP

A

Muscle contracts indefinitely

Rigor mortis

44
Q

Protrusion of sarcolemma (membrane)

A

T tubules

45
Q

Triad

A

T tubule surrounded by 2 terminal cisterns

46
Q

Regulates Ca levels in muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth endoplasmic reticulum of cells)

47
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

located at midway point

Each muscle fibers only has one

48
Q

3 parts of neuromuscular junction

A

Axon terminal
Synaptic cleft
Junctional folds of sarcolemma

49
Q

Voltage channels respond to end plate by opening, Na into muscle cell
Action potential spreads around entire membrane, ripple effect

A

Depolarization

50
Q

Na channels close
Voltage gated K channels open
K flows out of cell

A

Repolarization

51
Q

Block actin and myosin to bind together

A

Proteins

52
Q

What makes protein unblock troponin and tropomyosin?

A

Calcium frees up active site

53
Q

Cross bridge cycling is dependent on?

A

ATP

54
Q

Action potential effect shorter or longer than action potential itself?

A

Longer

55
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Around age 30 muscle loss

56
Q

One motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

57
Q

How many neuromuscular junctions per fiber?

A

1

59
Q

Why are smallest motor units activated first?

A

Delays fatigue

60
Q

3 types of atp production

A

direct phosphorylation
fermentation (aerobic glycolysis)
aerobic respiration

61
Q

direct phosphorylation

A

creatine phosphate converts ADP to ATP

62
Q

anaerobic glycolysis (fermentation)

glycogen broken down to glucose and oxidized to produce ATP

A

Inefficient (2 ATP per glucose), but fast
During vigorous exercise, bulging muscles constrict blood vessels, oxygen delivery is reduced
Waste product is lactic acid
ATP + CP + fermentation can power strenuous muscle activity for about 1 minute

63
Q

aerobic respiration

A

mitochondria
efficient, but slow
32 atp per glucose, but O needed

64
Q

3 consequences aerobic exercise

A

more capillaries surrounding muscle fibers
more mitochondria
fibers synthesize more myoglobin

65
Q

consequences of anaerobic exercise

A

muscle cells grow in size (not number) and contain myofibrils
more mitochondria
more glycogen stores
more connective tissue between cells

66
Q

muscle fatigue

A

inability for a muscle to contract even if it receives stimulus

67
Q

2 not causes of muscle fatigue

A

NOT atp depletion

probably NOT lactic acid

68
Q

2 possible causes of muscle fatigue

A

problems with excitation-contraction coupling

ionic imbalances, so sarcoplasmic reticulum cannot send more calcium ions

69
Q

Its oxygen reserves in myoglobin must be replenished

A

muscle returns to normal

70
Q

lactic acid reconverted to pyruvic acid

A

muscle returns to normal

71
Q

Glycogen stores replaced

A

muscle returns to normal

72
Q

ATP and creatine reserves must be resynthesized

A

muscle returns to normal

73
Q

body must repay oxygen

A

oxygen debt

74
Q

where do sheets of smooth muscle appear?

A

all but smallest blood vessels (capillaries), respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive hollow organs

75
Q

contraction and relaxation mixes and squeezes contents through lumen

A

peristalsis

76
Q

muscle fibers run parallel to long axis of organ

contraction shortens organ

A

longitudinal layer

77
Q

muscle fibers run around organ’s circumference

contraction constricts lumen (cavity inside)

A

circular layer

78
Q

Muscles work in groups of

A

2

79
Q

insertion

A

muscle attached to movable bone

80
Q

origin

A

muscle attached to immovable bone

81
Q

main muscle moving

A

prime mover/agonist

82
Q

help prime mover

extra force, reduce undesirable movement

A

synergists

83
Q

Immobilize bone/origin so prime mover has a stable base on which to act

A

fixators

84
Q

oppose or reverse a movement

A

antagonist

85
Q

agonist is active, antagonist is relaxed or stretched

Located on opposite side of joint from agonist

A

Antagonist responsibilites

86
Q

muscle power relies mainly on…

A

number of muscle fibers (cells) in muscle

87
Q

muscle on anterior side of joint produces…

A

flexion

88
Q

muscle on posterior side of joint produces….

A

extension

89
Q

muscle on lateral side of joint

A

abduction

90
Q

muscle on medial side of joint

A

adduction

91
Q

brevis

A

short

92
Q

rectus

A

fibers run parallel to line

93
Q

transversus

A

fibers run at right angles to line

94
Q

oblique

A

fibers run obliquely to line

95
Q

Fascicles arranged in concentric rings; e.g.,: sphincters

A

circular muscle fiber arrangement

96
Q

lever

A

bone

97
Q

fulcrum

A

joint

98
Q

effort

A

muscle contraction

99
Q

load

A

bone, surrounding tissue, other things being moved

100
Q

speed levers (common in body) have what disadvantage

A

mechanical (require more effort than object is heavy)

101
Q

Where a muscle inserts relative to the joint (fulcrum) dramatically impacts how much (blank) the muscle must generate to move a load.

A

fulcrum

102
Q

levers most common in body

A

3rd class lever (ex: tweezers)

103
Q

power levers (extremely uncommon; ex: move head up and down)

A

slower, more stable than speed levers

104
Q

review major muscles slide

A

yes

105
Q

review excitation-contraction coupling steps

A

yes

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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