Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

2 major control systems

A

nervous and endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

electrochemical impulses

quick

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hormonal

slow, effects last longer than nervous system

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 major control systems linked by…

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hormones regulate (5)

A 
Reproduction
Growth and development
Electrolyte, water, nutrient balance in blood
Cellular metabolism and energy balance
Body defenses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

non-hormonal with ducts

examples: sweat, saliva, milk, earwax

A

exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

produce hormones no ducts (released into surrounding tissue fluid)

A

endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Long-distance; travel via blood

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Short-distance; exert effects on same cells secrete them (think autobiography)

A

autocrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

short-distance; exert effects on different types of cells in same tissue

A

paracrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what determines hormone solubility in water

A

hormone structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most common type
water soluble
cannot cross cell membrane (hydrophilic)

A

amino acid based hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cholesterol is…

A

steroid based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Synthesized from cholesterol
Lipid soluble (hydrophobic)
cross cell membranes
Travel in bloodby carrier protein

A

steroid based hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hormone can only influence cell if cell has a…

A

receptor for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hormone can increase/decrease

A

rates of cell processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

response depends on

A

nature of target cell it binds to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 things hormones do

A 
open/close ion channels
stimulate synthesis of enzymes/protein
activate/deactivate enzyme
induce secretion of other substances
stimulate mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

water soluble

A

bind cell membrane receptors => Activate 2nd messenger systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lipid soluble

A

cross cell membrane
bind receptor inside cell
directly activate genes for transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein kinases affect activity of other proteins (usually enzymes) by adding a…

A

phosphate to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

enzymatic cascade has a huge…

A

amplifying effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), is degraded by

A

phospho-diesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

steroids have to come in through the…

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

steroids directly activate

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 stimuli for endocrine glands

A

humoral
neural
hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fluids

levels of ions or nutrients in blood (result: stimulate hormones)

A

humoral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of humoral stimulus

A

not enough ca in blood

parathyroid secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

endocrine gland responds directly to neural impulse
sympathetic fiber
neuron stimulates adrenal medulla (epinephrine)

A

neural stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

adrenal gland

A

near your kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

“Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop”

A

core of endocrinology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

“Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop” is an example of

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blood levels of hormones produced by target glands increase, they inhibit…

A

release of pituitary hormones stimulate release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

target cell must have blank to be bound to hormone

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

target cell activation depends on (3)

A

blood levels of hormone
# of receptors for hormone of target cell
“affinity” (Velcro) strength of hormone-receptor binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hormone blood levels can fluctuate (T/F)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cells can “up-regulate” or “down-regulate”

A

of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hormone cannot exert full effect without other hormone

A

permissiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Combined effects of hormones are greater

A

synergism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hormone opposes other’s action

A

antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

hormone opposes other’s action

A

antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

blood levels/half-life of hormone based on (2)

A

release rate

speed of activation and removal from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

most hormones are removed by…

A

kidneys or liver (excreted in urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

time it takes for the concentration to drop by half

A

half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pea size
Connected to hypothalamus
at least 8 hormones
posterior/anterior lobes

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

mostly nervous tissue

releases neurohormones received ready-made from hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary–Hormone storage area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

neurohormones

A

hormones made by neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

glandular tissue

Once considered the “master endocrine gland”

A

anterior pituitary

50
Q

now considered “master endocrine gland”

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

hypothalamus influences pituitary in 2 ways

A

posterior and anterior

52
Q

1st way: posterior pituitary

similar to vesicle diagram

A

action potentials travel down axons, release of hormones from axon terminals

53
Q

1st way (which 2 hormones)

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
54
Q

2nd way:

A

hypothalamus secretes stuff, so anterior caused to secrete its own hormones

55
Q

2nd way (6 hormones)

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

note portal system (slide 26)

56
Q

childbirth and milk ejection are blank feedback systems

A

positive

57
Q

posterior pituitary (PP): oxytocin (in brain)

A

“cuddle hormone”)

promotes bonding and trust

58
Q

urine production

A

diuresis

59
Q

antidiuretic hormone (PP)

A

prevents urination (prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalance)

60
Q

. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect solute {} in blood; when {} is too high

A

ADH released

61
Q

alcohol turns off secretion of

A

antidiuretic hormone

62
Q

GH also called

A

somatotropin

63
Q

GH direct effects

A

Encourages fat as fuel
Raises blood glucose
Encourages uptake of amino acids from blood for use in proteins

64
Q

GH indirect effects

A

Encourages uptake of nutrients from blood and anabolic reactions
Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide

65
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood results in

A

gigantism

66
Q

Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood results in

A

pituitary dwarfism
–If caught early, can be treated with GH produced via genetic engineering
patient relatively normal growth

67
Q

cows produce more milk
inject bovine GH
activists stopped it, “bad for humans”

A

false, digested the same as meat

cow GH not affect humans because of different receptors

68
Q

500 word summaries of each lecture set

A

5% point bonus

69
Q

(AP) TSH and ACTH are both tropic hormones (tropins), which regulate

A

secretion of other endocrine glands

70
Q

TSH stimulates

A

thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone

71
Q

glucocorticoids

A

help body resist stress

72
Q

tropins regulate the secretion of

A

other hormones

73
Q

ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex

A

to release corticosteroids

74
Q

(PP) FSH and LH are gonadotropins

A

regulate hormone production from the gonads

75
Q

gonadotropins are not there

A

before puberty

76
Q

FSH promotes

A

gamete production

77
Q

LH promotes

A

production of gonadal hormones

78
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production; rises and falls with estrogen levels (monthly period, etc.)

79
Q

milk ejection

A

oxytocin

80
Q

thyroid gland controls

A

metabolism

81
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

on trachea in anterior neck

82
Q

largest pure endocrine gland in the body

A

thyroid gland

83
Q

thyroid gland follicles

A

filled with colloid (amber-colored, filled with thyroglobulin and iodine)
cells form follicle wall and synthesize thyroglobulin in space between follicles
thyroid hormone made from iodinated thyroglobulin

stores 2-3 months of colloid

84
Q

calcitonin

A

no function in humans

at pharmacological doses, it can fight osteoporosis by blocking bone resorption by osteoclasts

85
Q

thyroid hormone

1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) thyroid gland

4) target cells

A

TH is 2 different hormones, thyroxine is major one

86
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

3 iodine atoms

87
Q

Thyroxine (T4):

A

4 iodine atoms
hydrophobic like steroid hormones
It crosses cell membrane, binds to receptor, and triggers gene transcription

88
Q

thyroid hormone effects (2)

A

Increasing basal metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)
Maintaining blood pressure

89
Q

forming thyroid hormone

A

follicular space

iodine pumped in

90
Q

iodine deficiency disorder

A

causes thyroid gland to swell up (goiter)
not able to make enough TH (because there’s no iodine
production of TSH majorly increases because body doesn’t have enough TH, but it can’t make any because there is no iodine (follicle swells with unusable colloid)

91
Q

Grave’s disease

symptoms: elevated metabolism, weight loss, bulging eyes

A

autoimmune condition
antibodies mimic TSH
tons of TH produced

92
Q

parathyroid glands are

A

primary reg of blood ca levels
usually 4, some people have 8
PTH secreted

93
Q

PTH

A

increases osteoclast activity, so more ca out of bones and into blood
ca resorption in kidney tubule
activation of vit D in kidney

94
Q

adrenal gland are located

A

on top of the kidneys

95
Q

adrenal gland made up of

A

adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

96
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner gland
sympathetic nervous system
Produce adrenal medullary hormones

97
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer gland
bulk of gland
Produces two dozen steroids, corticosteroids (a.k.a., adrenocortical hormones)

98
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

where na goes, water tends to follow

regulate where na goes

99
Q

mineralcorticoid: aldosterone

A

reduces na excretion from body

increase BP and blood volume

100
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

they exist

101
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

longer lasting effect

A

mineralcorticoids
gonadocorticoids
gluococorticoids

102
Q

gluococorticoids

A

helps maintain blood glucose levels b/w meals
increases BP and blood glucose levels
helps in sympathetic response
anti-inflammatory response

103
Q

catecholamines (adrenal medulla)

A

preganglionic neuron meets endocrine organ
secretes epineph or norepineph (sympathetic response)
short effects

104
Q

short term vs. long term response

A

hypothalamus directs both
ACTh (anterior pituitary) stimulates adrenal cortex–long term
short response–turns on medulla

105
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin secretion

106
Q

pineal gland located in

A

epithalamus of diencephalon

can see in x-ray because opaque ca salts

107
Q

“biological clock”

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

supplied with melatonin receptors

108
Q

some organs have endocrine tissue, but have other major functions

A

(pancreas, gonads, placenta)

109
Q

form exocrine glands and make up the bulk of the organ; they secrete an enzyme-rich juice via ducts to small intestine for digestion

A

acinar cells

110
Q

form endocrine glands; there are two cell types:

A

pancreatic islets

111
Q

alpha cells

A

make glucagon

112
Q

beta cells

A

make insulin

113
Q

both exocrine and endocrine glands

A

pancreas

114
Q

glucagon (raises blood glucose levels)

A

encourages the liver
Break down glycogen to glucose
Perform gluconeogenesis
Release glucose into the blood

115
Q

insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)

promotes protein synthesis, fat storage

A

Promotes uptake of glucose (esp. by muscle and fat cells)
Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

116
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

blood glucose levels abnormally high

urine flavor wheel (sweet urine means diabetes)

117
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin is absent

118
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin is present, receptors are deficient

119
Q

rising blood sugar levels causes nausea

A

increases fight or flight response
which further increase blood glucose levels

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

120
Q

hypoglycemia

A

blood glucose abnormally low (because too much insulin secretion)
triggers release of glucagon

121
Q

ovaries

A

produce eggs

122
Q

testes

A

produce sperm

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions