Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
2 major control systems
A
nervous and endocrine system
2
Q
electrochemical impulses
quick
A
nervous system
3
Q
hormonal
slow, effects last longer than nervous system
A
endocrine system
4
Q
2 major control systems linked by…
A
pituitary gland
5
Q
hormones regulate (5)
A
Reproduction Growth and development Electrolyte, water, nutrient balance in blood Cellular metabolism and energy balance Body defenses
6
Q
non-hormonal with ducts
examples: sweat, saliva, milk, earwax
A
exocrine glands
7
Q
produce hormones no ducts (released into surrounding tissue fluid)
A
endocrine glands
8
Q
Long-distance; travel via blood
A
hormones
9
Q
Short-distance; exert effects on same cells secrete them (think autobiography)
A
autocrines
10
Q
short-distance; exert effects on different types of cells in same tissue
A
paracrines
11
Q
what determines hormone solubility in water
A
hormone structure
12
Q
most common type
water soluble
cannot cross cell membrane (hydrophilic)
A
amino acid based hormones
13
Q
cholesterol is…
A
steroid based
14
Q
Synthesized from cholesterol
Lipid soluble (hydrophobic)
cross cell membranes
Travel in bloodby carrier protein
A
steroid based hormones
15
Q
hormone can only influence cell if cell has a…
A
receptor for it
16
Q
hormone can increase/decrease
A
rates of cell processes
17
Q
response depends on
A
nature of target cell it binds to
18
Q
5 things hormones do
A
open/close ion channels stimulate synthesis of enzymes/protein activate/deactivate enzyme induce secretion of other substances stimulate mitosis
19
Q
water soluble
A
bind cell membrane receptors => Activate 2nd messenger systems
20
Q
lipid soluble
A
cross cell membrane
bind receptor inside cell
directly activate genes for transcription
21
Q
Protein kinases affect activity of other proteins (usually enzymes) by adding a…
A
phosphate to them
22
Q
enzymatic cascade has a huge…
A
amplifying effect
23
Q
The second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), is degraded by
A
phospho-diesterase
24
Q
steroids have to come in through the…
A
cell membrane
25
steroids directly activate
DNA
26
3 stimuli for endocrine glands
humoral
neural
hormonal
27
fluids
| levels of ions or nutrients in blood (result: stimulate hormones)
humoral stimulus
28
example of humoral stimulus
not enough ca in blood
| parathyroid secrete hormones
29
endocrine gland responds directly to neural impulse
sympathetic fiber
neuron stimulates adrenal medulla (epinephrine)
neural stimulus
30
sympathetic
fight or flight
31
adrenal gland
near your kidney
32
“Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop”
core of endocrinology
33
“Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop” is an example of
negative feedback
34
blood levels of hormones produced by target glands increase, they inhibit...
release of pituitary hormones stimulate release.
35
target cell must have blank to be bound to hormone
receptor
36
target cell activation depends on (3)
blood levels of hormone
# of receptors for hormone of target cell
"affinity" (Velcro) strength of hormone-receptor binding
37
hormone blood levels can fluctuate (T/F)
true
38
cells can "up-regulate" or "down-regulate"
of receptors
39
Hormone cannot exert full effect without other hormone
permissiveness
40
Combined effects of hormones are greater
synergism
41
hormone opposes other's action
antagonism
42
hormone opposes other's action
antagonism
43
blood levels/half-life of hormone based on (2)
release rate
| speed of activation and removal from body
44
most hormones are removed by...
kidneys or liver (excreted in urine)
45
time it takes for the concentration to drop by half
half-life
46
pea size
Connected to hypothalamus
at least 8 hormones
posterior/anterior lobes
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
47
mostly nervous tissue
| releases neurohormones received ready-made from hypothalamus
posterior pituitary--Hormone storage area
48
neurohormones
hormones made by neurons
49
glandular tissue
| Once considered the “master endocrine gland"
anterior pituitary
50
now considered "master endocrine gland"
hypothalamus
51
hypothalamus influences pituitary in 2 ways
posterior and anterior
52
1st way: posterior pituitary
| similar to vesicle diagram
action potentials travel down axons, release of hormones from axon terminals
53
1st way (which 2 hormones)
```
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
```
54
2nd way:
hypothalamus secretes stuff, so anterior caused to secrete its own hormones
55
2nd way (6 hormones)
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
| note portal system (slide 26)
56
childbirth and milk ejection are blank feedback systems
positive
57
posterior pituitary (PP): oxytocin (in brain)
“cuddle hormone”)
| promotes bonding and trust
58
urine production
diuresis
59
antidiuretic hormone (PP)
prevents urination (prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalance)
60
. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect solute {} in blood; when {} is too high
ADH released
61
alcohol turns off secretion of
antidiuretic hormone
62
GH also called
somatotropin
63
GH direct effects
Encourages fat as fuel
Raises blood glucose
Encourages uptake of amino acids from blood for use in proteins
64
GH indirect effects
Encourages uptake of nutrients from blood and anabolic reactions
Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide
65
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood results in
gigantism
66
Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood results in
pituitary dwarfism
--If caught early, can be treated with GH produced via genetic engineering
patient relatively normal growth
67
cows produce more milk
inject bovine GH
activists stopped it, "bad for humans"
false, digested the same as meat
| cow GH not affect humans because of different receptors
68
500 word summaries of each lecture set
5% point bonus
69
(AP) TSH and ACTH are both tropic hormones (tropins), which regulate
secretion of other endocrine glands
70
TSH stimulates
thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone
71
glucocorticoids
help body resist stress
72
tropins regulate the secretion of
other hormones
73
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex
to release corticosteroids
74
(PP) FSH and LH are gonadotropins
regulate hormone production from the gonads
75
gonadotropins are not there
before puberty
76
FSH promotes
gamete production
77
LH promotes
production of gonadal hormones
78
prolactin
stimulates milk production; rises and falls with estrogen levels (monthly period, etc.)
79
milk ejection
oxytocin
80
thyroid gland controls
metabolism
81
where is the thyroid gland located
on trachea in anterior neck
82
largest pure endocrine gland in the body
thyroid gland
83
thyroid gland follicles
filled with colloid (amber-colored, filled with thyroglobulin and iodine)
cells form follicle wall and synthesize thyroglobulin in space between follicles
thyroid hormone made from iodinated thyroglobulin
stores 2-3 months of colloid
84
calcitonin
no function in humans
| at pharmacological doses, it can fight osteoporosis by blocking bone resorption by osteoclasts
85
thyroid hormone
1) hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) thyroid gland
4) target cells
TH is 2 different hormones, thyroxine is major one
86
Triiodothyronine (T3)
3 iodine atoms
87
Thyroxine (T4):
4 iodine atoms
hydrophobic like steroid hormones
It crosses cell membrane, binds to receptor, and triggers gene transcription
88
thyroid hormone effects (2)
Increasing basal metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)
Maintaining blood pressure
89
forming thyroid hormone
follicular space
| iodine pumped in
90
iodine deficiency disorder
causes thyroid gland to swell up (goiter)
not able to make enough TH (because there's no iodine
production of TSH majorly increases because body doesn't have enough TH, but it can't make any because there is no iodine (follicle swells with unusable colloid)
91
Grave's disease
symptoms: elevated metabolism, weight loss, bulging eyes
autoimmune condition
antibodies mimic TSH
tons of TH produced
92
parathyroid glands are
primary reg of blood ca levels
usually 4, some people have 8
PTH secreted
93
PTH
increases osteoclast activity, so more ca out of bones and into blood
ca resorption in kidney tubule
activation of vit D in kidney
94
adrenal gland are located
on top of the kidneys
95
adrenal gland made up of
adrenal medulla
| adrenal cortex
96
adrenal medulla
Inner gland
sympathetic nervous system
Produce adrenal medullary hormones
97
adrenal cortex
Outer gland
bulk of gland
Produces two dozen steroids, corticosteroids (a.k.a., adrenocortical hormones)
98
mineralcorticoids
where na goes, water tends to follow
| regulate where na goes
99
mineralcorticoid: aldosterone
reduces na excretion from body
| increase BP and blood volume
100
gonadocorticoids
they exist
101
adrenal cortex hormones
| longer lasting effect
mineralcorticoids
gonadocorticoids
gluococorticoids
102
gluococorticoids
helps maintain blood glucose levels b/w meals
increases BP and blood glucose levels
helps in sympathetic response
anti-inflammatory response
103
catecholamines (adrenal medulla)
preganglionic neuron meets endocrine organ
secretes epineph or norepineph (sympathetic response)
short effects
104
short term vs. long term response
hypothalamus directs both
ACTh (anterior pituitary) stimulates adrenal cortex--long term
short response--turns on medulla
105
pineal gland
melatonin secretion
106
pineal gland located in
epithalamus of diencephalon
| can see in x-ray because opaque ca salts
107
"biological clock"
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
| supplied with melatonin receptors
108
some organs have endocrine tissue, but have other major functions
(pancreas, gonads, placenta)
109
form exocrine glands and make up the bulk of the organ; they secrete an enzyme-rich juice via ducts to small intestine for digestion
acinar cells
110
form endocrine glands; there are two cell types:
pancreatic islets
111
alpha cells
make glucagon
112
beta cells
make insulin
113
both exocrine and endocrine glands
pancreas
114
glucagon (raises blood glucose levels)
encourages the liver
Break down glycogen to glucose
Perform gluconeogenesis
Release glucose into the blood
115
insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)
promotes protein synthesis, fat storage
Promotes uptake of glucose (esp. by muscle and fat cells)
Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
116
diabetes mellitus
blood glucose levels abnormally high
| urine flavor wheel (sweet urine means diabetes)
117
type 1 diabetes
insulin is absent
118
type 2 diabetes
insulin is present, receptors are deficient
119
rising blood sugar levels causes nausea
increases fight or flight response
which further increase blood glucose levels
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
120
hypoglycemia
blood glucose abnormally low (because too much insulin secretion)
triggers release of glucagon
121
ovaries
produce eggs
122
testes
produce sperm
