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Anatomy and physiology > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

essential nutrients

A

body can’t make it

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2
Q

Our bodies are efficient at converting one type of molecule into another, what organ is especially good at this?

A

liver

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3
Q

4 calories per gram

A

protein and carbs

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4
Q

9 calories per gram

A

fat

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5
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

sucrose, maltose, lactose

A

disaccharide

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7
Q

polysaccharide definition and examples

A

insoluble
no sweet taste
(starchy potatoes, spaghetti)

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8
Q

starch

A

Storage of glucose

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9
Q

Plant cell wall (structural); “fiber”

A

cellulose

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10
Q

animal polysaccharides made of glucose: glycogen

A

Storage of glucose (liver, muscle)

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11
Q

insoluble and soluble fibers which kind of macro

A

polysaccharids

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12
Q

soluble fiber

A

(e.g., pectin) lowers blood cholesterol levels

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13
Q

insoluble fiber

A

(e.g., cellulose) provides roughage, increases bulk of stool, eases defecation

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14
Q

major carb used to make ATP

A

glucose

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15
Q

other sugars converted into

A

glucose

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16
Q

high and low carb diets can be healthy, but if you restrict it too much, side effect is…

A

ketoacidosis

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17
Q

more complex carbs better than

A

simple carbs

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18
Q

don’t need to know about deficits or excesses of carbs

A

no

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19
Q

carbs should be what percentage of daily intake

A

45-65 % (RDA)

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20
Q

draw triglyceride

A

long carbon chain (3 C’s in column with things branching off to the right)

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21
Q

phospholipid similar to triglycerides, but

A

only 2 fatty acids

“polar” head connects to “nonpolar” tail

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22
Q

steroids structurally dissimilar from other lipids

A

four hydrocarbon rings

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23
Q

most important steroid

A

cholesterol

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24
Q

cholesterol

A

Our liver produces ~80%
The rest comes from our diet
Helps maintain cell membrane fluidity

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25
Q

cholesterol serves as raw material so body can synthesize

A 
Vitamin D
Steroid hormones (e.g., sex hormones)
Bile salts (help with digestion)
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26
Q

sat fats found in

A

meat, dairy

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27
Q

unsat fats found in

A

plants, seeds, nuts, olive oil, vegetable oil

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28
Q

cholesterol sources

A

animal products

liver makes 85%, regardless of diet

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29
Q

liver can make one fatty acid into another except linoleic and linolenic, which are

A

essential fatty acids

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30
Q

uses for fats in the body

A

1) adipose tissue (cushion, insulation, efficient for concentrated energy storage cuz 9 cal per gram)
2) phosopholipids impt for myelin sheaths
3) cholest stablilizing component of plasma membranes and is precursor of bile salts, steroid hormones, and other essential molecules
4) tryglyc–major fuel of skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
5) help absorb vitamins

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31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

breakdown of myelin sheath

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32
Q

fat should be what percentage of caloric intake

A

30%

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33
Q

20 amino acids. How many are essential?

A

8

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34
Q

complete proteins

A

all 8 essential are present

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35
Q

incomplete proteins

A

not all 8 essential amino acids are present

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36
Q

protein provides material for your body to make

A

other proteins!

and other non protein, nitrgoen-containing molecules

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37
Q

proteins serve as

A

structural molecules
contractile filaments of muscles
enzymes and hormones

38
Q

whether food protein is used to build stuff or burnt for fuel is 3 things

A

all or none rule
adequacy of caloric intake
hormonal controls

39
Q

all or none rule

A

All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts. If one is missing, the protein cannot be made. Because essential amino acids cannot be stored, those not used immediately to build proteins are oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats.

40
Q

adequacy of caloric intake

A

not enough carbs or fats, protein will be burned instead

41
Q

hormonal controls

A

various hormones help determine nitrogen balance

42
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

nitrogen intake - nitrogen excretion (feces, urine)

43
Q

balanced nitrogen

A

Rate of protein synthesis equals rate of protein breakdown

44
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

Protein incorporated into tissue > Protein breakdown for energy

(e.g., growing, pregnant women, tissue repair injury)

45
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

Protein incorporated into tissue < Protein breakdown for energy

(e.g., during emotional of physical stress, protein malnutrition, starvation)

46
Q

how much protein for kg of body weight

A

0.8 g

47
Q

recommended percentage of protein in caloric intake

A

20%

48
Q

vitamins

A

Organic molecules needed in trace amounts

  • -Most vitamins act as coenzymes, which are necessary for enzyme function
  • -Most vitamins need to be obtained from food

Exceptions: Vitamin D (made in skin); small amounts of B and K made by gut bacteria

49
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex and C

Absorbed along with water in gastrointestinal tract
Exception: B12 requires intrinsic factor (secreted by stomach)

50
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K
Absorbed along with lipids in GI tract

Fat-soluble vitamins (except K) are stored in the body; too many fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity!

51
Q

why is it tough to overdose on vitamin B and C

A

they are water-soluble and the body eliminates excess amounts in about 1 hour (via urine)

52
Q

don’t need to know all the vitamins

A

okay

53
Q

minerals

A

elements needed in trace amounts
4% of our body weight
ionized in body fluid/incorporated into organic molecules

54
Q

when assoc. with an enzyme

A

vitamins are coenzymes

minerals are cofactors

55
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

56
Q

anabolism

A

“Building up” reactions; require input of energy

57
Q

catabolism

A

“Tearing down” reactions; generate energy

58
Q

3 stages of metabolism

A

1) digestion and absorption => transport to tissues
2) once inside cells, nutrients
–made into lipids, proteins, glycogen, etc. via anabolic paths
–broken down into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA via catabolic pathways
3) catabolic pathway chosen–nutrient into mitochondria to complete breakdown, releasing a lot of ATP
term cellular respiration refers to last part of 2 and 3

59
Q

study chart 26

A

yes

60
Q

LEO: Lose electrons (and energy) => Oxidized

A

GER: Gain electrons (and energy) => Reduced

61
Q

Redox enzymes usually require a coenzyme derived from

A

B vitamin (e.g., NAD+ or FAD)

62
Q

Glycolysis

A

produces Small amounts of ATP are produced (substrate-level phosphorylation)

happens in cytosol

63
Q

point of glycolysis

A

Produce pyruvic acid (pyruvate), depends on O2:

If oxygen is present => Citric acid cycle (as acetyl-CoA)
If oxygen is absent => Fermentation (lactic acid)

64
Q

KNOW SLIDE 28

A

yes

65
Q

citric acid cycle

A

fed by pyruvic acid
some incidental ATP made (substrate-level phosphorylation)

extract hydrogens and electrons, burning glucose and emitting co2 as a waste product

point: fully oxidize the fuel

66
Q

all of cells’ metabolism is oriented towards

A

citric acid cycle

67
Q

electron transport chain

A

electrochemical gradient made, H+ want to rush in
ADP and phosphate smash together to make ATP
waste products=carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

glycolysis=>citric acid cycle=>electron transport chain

A

yes

69
Q

at rest, 100 kcal

A

per hour

70
Q

1 mole of glucose has 686 cal, and aerobic resp can capture how many in atp

A

262 cal

energy efficiency than 38%, more efficient than car engines

71
Q

don’t need to know energy payoff at each step

A

no

72
Q

how many ATP made?

A

30 ATP molecules

73
Q

Glycolysis–carb metabolism slide

A

Glucose => Pyruvic acid
Most glucose => ATP
But, cells cannot store ATP, if too much glucose store as glycogen or fat
Most stored energy (80-85%) is as fat

74
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose => Glycogen
process of storing glucose
Mostly occurs in liver and skeletal muscle

75
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen => Glucose

Occurs in liver when blood glucose levels drop

76
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Other stuff => Glucose
Non-carbohydrate (e.g., proteins) converted to glucose (liver)

So even if you eat a low-carb diet, your body makes glucose to ensure your neurons don’t die!

77
Q

only BLANK routinely used as fuel

A

triglycerides

78
Q

lipolysis

A

Triglyceride => Fatty acids + glycerol

Glycerol into glycolytic pathway

79
Q

Fatty acids undergo

A

beta oxidation, creates NADH and acetyl-CoA (which enters citric acid cycle)

80
Q

lipogenesis

A

Cell makes fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and combines them with glycerol to make triglycerides
Even on low-fat diet, your body makes fat!

81
Q

about 1/2 fat made in your body

A

subcutaneous

82
Q

if glucose and ATP levels high

A

cell makes lipids

83
Q

if carb intake insufficient

A

body will burn fat

84
Q

ketoacidosis

A

metabolism out of whack
extremely low carb diet
blood can become too acidic

85
Q

protein metabolism

A

limited lifespan in body
if more than needed, burned for energy or converted to glucose or fat

first, amine group must be removed (deaminated) before being metabolized

Ammonia (NH3) is toxic waste product of protein metab
–combined with 02 to make urea

86
Q

Which organ makes nonessential amino acids

A

liver

87
Q

Absorptive state (5)

A

lasts about 4 hrs after eating
Anabolism > Catabolism
1) Nutrients stored
2) Glucose=major fuel
3) Dietary protein and fat replace the used up protein and fat; small amounts burned for ATP
4) Excess metabolites converted to fat
5) Rising insulin levels direct all of the above processes
Recall: When blood glucose levels rise, insulin helps bring those levels back down by helping cells absorb it

88
Q

Postabsorptive state

glucagon dominates

A

Stores broken down for energy
Primary goal is maintain blood glucose levels by:
Making glucose available to blood
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Blood glucose level regulation more complex than when eating:
Less insulin and more glucagon released
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates glycogenolysis
Fasting and exercise both result in a similar metabolic profile

89
Q

glucose sparing:

A

Lipolysis followed by forcing other organs to use fats instead of glucose (which is saved for the brain)

90
Q

liver produces about

A

80% body’s cholesterol–restricting doesn’t do much

high saturated fat diet stimulates the body produce and retain cholesterol, while a diet high in unsaturated fats has the opposite effect

91
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be destroyed. This also applies to your body:

A

Energy intake = Energy output (heat + work + energy storage)
Almost all energy from food eventually lost as heat
Even if ATP made, the body’s use of ATP causes heat loss
Everything our body does (move, blood flow, etc.) causes heat loss
But that’s okay! We need our body temperature to stay around 98.6° F for our metabolism

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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