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Anatomy and physiology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

cerebral hemispheres form “convolutions”

A

increases surface area; more neurons fit in limited space

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2
Q

cerebral hemispheres (3 parts)

A

cerebral cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

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3
Q

How many lobes does the cortex have?

A 
5:
Insula
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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4
Q

4 adult brain regions

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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5
Q

Diencephalon (3 parts)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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6
Q

Brain stem (3 parts)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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7
Q

canal surrounded by…

A

gray matter and then white matter

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8
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in CNS

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9
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in CNS

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10
Q

white matter

A

mostly myelinated axons

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11
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies

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12
Q

ventricles

A 
all connected
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Lined by ependymal cells (type of neuroglia)
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13
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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14
Q

sucli

A

grooves

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15
Q

fissure

A

very deep sulcus serparates major brain regions

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16
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides L & R hemispheres

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17
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

divide hemis from cerebellum

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

near brain stem

brain rests on skull fossae

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19
Q

frontal deals with

A

motor

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20
Q

back deals with

A

sensation

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21
Q

cortex (gray matter)

A

conscious mind
no fiber tracts (bundles of axons)
neuron cell bodies, glial cells, blood vessels

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22
Q

cerebral cortex (3 functional areas)

A

sensory, motor, associaton

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23
Q

cerebral cortex contains what kind of neurons?

A

interneurons

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24
Q

contralateral control

A

opposite side

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25
Q

although symmetrical, each has…

A

specialization

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26
Q

oversimplification

A

tasks require whole cortex, not just one region

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27
Q

primary motor cortex

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles in precentral gyrus

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28
Q

premotor

A

plans movement for complex tasks; sends impulses to PMC

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29
Q

Broca’s (left hemisphere only)

A

speech muscles

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30
Q

Frontal eye field (part in both frontal and parietal lobes)

A

voluntary eye movements

around intersection of middle frontal and precentral gyri

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31
Q

motor map in precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

A

“upside down” in brain

more neurons associated with precise control

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32
Q

sensory map in postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

A

“upside down”

more neurons associated with higher sensitivity

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33
Q

Conscious awareness of sensation

A

parietal, occipital, temporal, insular

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34
Q

Neurons receive information from sensory receptors in skin and proprioceptors (which determine position); in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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35
Q

Integrate sensory inputs. (“What am I touching?”)

A

somatosensory association cortex

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36
Q

primary visual cortex

A

Receives info from retina; in occipital lobe

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37
Q

Recognition of what we see. (“That’s a flower!”)

A

visual association area (occipital lobe)

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38
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

Interprets pitch, loudness, location; temporal lobe

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39
Q

auditory association area

A

Perceives what we hear. (“That’s a song!”)

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40
Q

Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

located in insula and parietal lobes

A

balance

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41
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

smell

temporal lobe

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42
Q

gustatory cortex

A

taste

insula lobe

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43
Q

visceral sensory area (insula)

A

Conscious perception of visceral sensations (e.g., upset stomach, full bladder, etc.)

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44
Q

information flow in the brain

A

sensory receptor
primary sensory
sensory association
multimodal association

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45
Q

once decision about motor output made it goes from

A

premotor cortex to primary motor cortex

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46
Q

most of the cortex consists of

A

multimodal association areas (conscious thoughts, makes us who we are)

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47
Q

3 parts of multimodal association areas

A

anterior
posterior
limbic

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48
Q

limbic

A

emotional impact makes memories meaningful

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus

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49
Q

Anterior association area (a.k.a., prefrontal cortex)

A

most complex
Intellect, learning, memory, personality, abstraction, judgment, reasoning, planning
slow development in children

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50
Q

posterior association cortex (temporal, parietal, occipital lobes)

A

Recognition of patterns and faces, localization (“Where am I?”), language
Awareness of self in space

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51
Q

brain lesions in anterior association area

A

loss of judgement, attentiveness, inhibitions

oblivious to social restraints

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52
Q

brain lesions in posterior association area

A

feel contralateral body parts “don’t belong to them”

not want to wash/dress these body parts

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53
Q

Phineas Gage

A 
scientists learned prefrontal cortex tightly linked to personality
epileptic seizures (from frontal lobe)
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54
Q

Left

A

math, language, logic

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55
Q

Right

A

visual, spatial, intuition, emotion, art, music

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56
Q

use all of brain

A

don’t only use 10% of brain

57
Q

in about 10% of people

A

hemisphere roles are opposite or shared equally

58
Q

white matter is communication between

A

hemispheres and lower CNS

59
Q

associative fibers (white matter) connect…

A

parts of the same hemisphere

60
Q

commissural fibers (white matter) connect…

A

corresponding areas of gray matter in cortex

61
Q

largest commissure is…

A

corpus callosum

62
Q

projection fibers (white matter) connect…

A

cortex with lower CNS

63
Q

projection fiber function

A

Transmit sensory input to cortex

Transmit motor output from cortex

64
Q

neuron cell bodies (nuclei) deep within the cerebral hemispheres

A

basal nuclei

65
Q

3 basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

66
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

unclear,

stabilize movement, filter incorrect responses

67
Q

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s involve a problem with

A

basal nuclei

68
Q

Diencephalon (3 parts)

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

69
Q

thalamus

A

“gateway” to cerebral cortex

70
Q

1) The relay station (info into cerebral cortex)
2) Afferent impulses and most inputs headed for cerebral cortex go through this
3) sensation, motor activities, learning, memory, etc.

A

Thalamus functions

71
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

1) Main visceral control center; homeostasis
2) controls endocrine system
3) autonomic nervous system (blood pressure, sleep/wake cycle)

72
Q

Pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep cycle

A

epithalamus

73
Q

midbrain

A

visual reflex center

startle reflex

74
Q 
Dark color (melanin), a precursor of dopamine
Releases dopamine
Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons (Parkinson’s disease)
A

substantia nigra in midbrain

75
Q

Red from blood vessels and iron pigment

Involved as motor neurons in limb flexion

A

red nuclei

76
Q

pons

A

means “bridge”
made of conduction tracts
Projection fibers connect higher brain centers with spinal cord
Other fibers connect it with cerebellum, which relay conversations between motor cortex and cerebellum

77
Q

medulla oblongata

A

goes through foramen magnum

contains “pyramids”

78
Q

what are pyramids?

A

tracts of nerves connect motor cortex (in precentral gyrus) to spinal cord

79
Q

what is the discussation of pyramids

A

cross-over (contralateral activity)

80
Q

3 centers associated with medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center
respiratory center
visceral motor nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, vomiting, etc.

81
Q

cerebellum

A

two apple-sized cerebellar hemispheres
Outer cortex of gray matter
Internal white matter
Deep gray matter nuclei (paired)

82
Q

cerebellum: contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

ipsilateral

83
Q

cerebellum function

A

precise timing of skeletal muscle contraction
balance/posture
similar to autopilot (injury=clumsy movement)

84
Q

limbic system

A

fight-flight-freeze;food;fornicate

portions of cerebral hemis & parts of diencephalon

85
Q

amygdala

A

helps respond to perceived threats

memorable smells

86
Q

psychosomatic illness (physical senses arise from emotional issues)

A

hypothalamus involved in emotional responses

87
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

keeps cerebral cortex alert by sending it sensory information
Filters out repetitive stimuli
(injury: LSD interferes with this and causes an overwhelming sensory overload; severe injury can cause coma)

88
Q

function of basal nuclei overlaps with…

A

cerebellum

89
Q

review summary slides 37–

A

yes

90
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

measures voltage differences between cortical waves

91
Q

brain waves

A

Unique, like fingerprints

Based on synaptic activity, not action potentials

92
Q

brain wave amplitude reflects…

A 
synchronous activity of many neurons
high peaks (neurons doing something in sync)
93
Q

too high/too low frequency EEG

A

unconsciousness

94
Q

no brain waves

A

brain dead

95
Q

alpha waves

A

awake, but relaxed

96
Q

beta waves

A

awake, alert

97
Q

theta waves

A

common in children

98
Q

delta waves

A

deep sleep, indicates brain damage if awake

99
Q

Slight pressure can injure neurons; brain protected by 4 things:

A

skull (bone)
meninges (membrane)
cerebrospinal fluid (watery cushion)
blood-brain barrier

100
Q

Meninges (sing: meninx) 3 layers:

A 
dura mater (tough mother)
arachnoid mater (spider mother)
pia mater (gentle mother; like tight ceran wrap)
101
Q

meninges function

A

protect CNS and blood vessels
contain CSF
form skull partitions

102
Q

dura mater

A

2 layers
periosteal layer not in spinal cord
meningeal layer surrounds brain and spinal cord

103
Q

arachnoid mater

A

separated from dura mater by serous subdural space contains fluid
contains largest blood vessels in brain

104
Q

pia mater

A

many blood vessels

clings tightly to every convolution

105
Q

CSF

A

nourish brain, remove wastes, chemical signals

106
Q

Choroid Plexeus

A

thin-walled, permeable capillaries

Surrounded by pia mater and ependymal cells (ciliated cells help circulate CSF)

107
Q

Joined by tight junctions and contain ion pumps

Allows strict control of contents of CSF

A

Ependymal cells:

108
Q

CFS circulates around CNS

recycled 3x a day

A

1) through ventricles
2) subarachnoid space
3) Absorbed into dural venous sinuses (a separation between the two layers of the dura mater)
4) Returns to bloodstream

109
Q

hydrocephalus

A

caused when CSF drainage blocked from draining into cardiovascular system
newborns, because bones haven’t fused yet

110
Q

Blood brain barrier (3 main parts)

A

1) Tight junctions no pores between endothelial cells (which form capillary wall)
2) Thick basal lamina (surrounds capillary walls)
3) Astrocytes (which send signals to the endothelial cells to form tight junctions)

111
Q

allowed through blood brain barrier

A

Via facilitated diffusion: Glucose, essential amino acids, some electrolytes (Na)
Because BBB can’t stop them: Fats, oxygen, CO2, fat-soluble molecules (also: alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics)

112
Q

Denied from entering blood brain barrier

A

Wastes, proteins, nonessential amino acids, potassium ions (K+), most drugs

113
Q

Alteration in brain function following blow to head

A

concussion

114
Q

Bruising and permanent damage of brain; if in brain stem, causes coma

A

contusion

115
Q

Bleeding into these spaces; patient is initially fine and then deteriorates; can cause of loss of control of blood pressure, heart rate and respiration (if brain stem forced down through foramen magnum)

A

Intracranial hemorrhages:

subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

116
Q

Blocked blood vessel causes brain tissue to die (87% of strokes)
clot blocking blood flow to area of brain

A

Ischemic stroke

117
Q

Burst blood vessel (blood creates pressure on brain tissue)

bleeding inside or around brain tissue

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

118
Q

Temporary blockage;“red flag” for a serious stroke

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

119
Q

1) Extracellular to neuron aggregations of beta-amyloid peptide (called “plaques”); bad kid gets other kids to join gang
2) Intracellular aggregations of tau protein (called “neurofibrillary tangles”);
3) Plaques and tangles form because the proteins involved mis-fold and then cause other normal copies of the proteins to mis-fold.
As brain cells die, functions are lost and the brain shrinks

A

Alzheimer’s

120
Q

plaques

A

proteins misfold outside of neurons

121
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

proteins misfold inside of neurons

122
Q

spinal cord ends at…

A

L1 or L2

123
Q

spinal cord is a…

A

major reflex center

124
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord

125
Q

filum terminale

A

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

126
Q

cervical and lumbar enlargement

A

where nerves serve upper and lower limbs

127
Q

cauda equina “horse’s tail”

A

collection of nerve roots beneath spinal cord

128
Q

spinal cord protected by….

A

bone (vertebrae)
meninges
CSF

129
Q

dura mater has how many layers in the spinal cord?

A

1

130
Q

epidural space

A

above dura mater, padded with fat and veins

131
Q

spinal nerves CNS or PNS

A

PNS

132
Q

ventral roots include motor (efferent) neurons of

A

somatic (voluntary) motor neurons

visceral (autonomic) motor neurons

133
Q

dorsal roots include sensory (afferent) fibers of

A

somatic sensory
visceral sensory
cell bodies of sensory neurons cluster at dorsal root ganglion

134
Q

ascending

A

sensory up

135
Q

descending

A

motor down

136
Q

paraplegia

A

loss of function in lower limbs

severance between T1 and L1

137
Q

quadriplegia

A

loss of function in all limbs

severance in cervical region

138
Q

ALS

A

motor neurons of ventral gray matter and pyramidal tracts

lose ability to speak, swallow, breath

139
Q

4 generalizations of Neuronal Pathways

A

1) decussation–cross over (contralateral)
2) relay–pathway involves chain of 2-3 neurons
3) somatotopy–tract fibers reflect orderly mapping of body
4) symmetry–pathways paired symmetrically, with one member on each side of spinal cord/brain

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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