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Anatomy and physiology > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Millions of sensory receptors monitor changes

A

sensory input

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2
Q

processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done

A

integration

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3
Q

Nervous system activates effector organs—the muscles and glands—to cause a response

A

motor output

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4
Q

what are affector organs?

A

muscles and glands

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5
Q

brain and spinal cord (ends just below ribs)

A

central nervous system (cns)

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6
Q

CNS or PNS: integration and control center

A

cns

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7
Q

CNS or PNS: receives sensory input; dictates motor output

A

CNS

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8
Q

CNS or PNS:
communication lines link entire body to CNS
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

A

PNS

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9
Q

carry impulses to/from brain

A

cranial nerves

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10
Q

carry impulses to/from spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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11
Q

collections of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglia

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12
Q

nerve fibers

A

axons

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13
Q

voluntary nervous system (impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints)

A

somatic sensory nerve fibers

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14
Q

involuntary nervous system (transmit impulses from visceral organs in ventral body cavity)

A

autonomic sensory nerve fibers

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15
Q

review chart on slide 4

A

yes

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16
Q

transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

A

motor nerve fibers

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17
Q

what do motor nerve fibers cause when they transmit an impulse?

A

muscles contract

glands secrete

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18
Q

Excitable (responsive to stimuli)
Dendrites transmit messages toward the cell body
Axons transmit messages away from the cell body

A

neurons

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19
Q

Supporting cells

Surround and wrap delicate neurons

A

neuroglia

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20
Q

how many types of cells make up nervous tissue

A

only 2

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21
Q

“Nerve glue,”

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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22
Q

Four kinds in CNS; two in PNS

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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23
Q

Like neurons, they have branching processes and central cell bodies; smaller than neurons

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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24
Q

In CNS, Outnumber neurons 10 to 1!

Make up half of brain’s mass

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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25
Q

Most abundant and versatile

A

astrocytes “star cells”

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26
Q

Support and anchor neurons to capillaries (nutrient supply lines)

A

astrocytes “star cells”

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27
Q

information processing

A

astrocytes “star cells”

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28
Q

Control chemical environment around neurons:
“Mop up” leaked K+ ions
Recycle released neurotransmitters

A

astrocytes “star cells”

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29
Q

Phagocytize microorganisms and dead neurons

A

microglial cells

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30
Q

Important because regular immune cells have limited access to CNS

A

microglial cells

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31
Q

Line cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities
Form permeable barrier between CSF and nerve tissue
Many have cilia, which help circulate CSF

A

ependymal cells

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32
Q

Cover thick nerve fibers in CNS with a myelin sheath

A

ogliodendrocytes

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33
Q

sympathetic nervous system associated with…

A

autonomic (visceral) nervous system

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34
Q

Neuroglia in PNS:
like astrocytes in CNS
Support neurons
control chemical environment around neurons

A

satellite cells

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35
Q 
Neuroglia in PNS: 
like oligodendrocytes of CNS
Surround all nerve fibers in PNS
Form myelin sheath around thicker nerve fibers
Help regenerate PNS fibers
A

schwann cells

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36
Q

Which one set neurons apart?

(1) Excitability: Respond to stimuli transmit nerve impulses
(2) Extreme longevity: They can operate optimally for a lifetime
(3) Amitotic: Neurons cannot divide and cannot be replaced (some exceptions)
(4) Exceptionally high metabolic rate: Neurons constantly need glucose and oxygen and will die within minutes if deprived of oxygen

A

extreme longevity
amitotic
exceptionally high metabolic rate

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37
Q

all neurons contain at least:

A

cell body and at least one extension (process)

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38
Q

also called soma

A

cell body;

most protected by skull and vertebral column

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39
Q

cell bodies tend to…

A

cluster together

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40
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

nucleus

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41
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglion

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42
Q

nerve fibers

A

extension of a neuron (axons)

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43
Q

CNS contains both neuron process and

A

cell bodies

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44
Q

clusters of cell bodies in CNS=nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in PNS=ganglia

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45
Q

bundles of cell processes in CNS=tracts

A

bundles of cell processes in PNS=nerves

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46
Q

mostly contain processes, not cell bodies

A

PNS

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47
Q

2 types of processes?

A

dendrites and axons

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48
Q

Short, highly branched extensions off of cell body

large surface area so neuron can receive messages

A

dendrites

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49
Q

Synapses (point of contact) with other neurons are called…

A

dendritic spines

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50
Q

Convey electrical impulses toward the cell body

graded potentials, not action potentials

A

dendrites

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51
Q

most neurons have how many axons?

A

1

52
Q

Axons transmit electrical impulses (action potentials) (blank) from cell body

A

away

53
Q

Proteins are made in cell body and shipped to axons

A

axons can be absent, short, or very long

54
Q

occur at the end of the axon

A

terminal branches

55
Q

knobby end points of terminal branches
In motor neurons, axon terminals part of neuromuscular junction,
electrical impulse arrives, neurotransmitters released

A

axon terminals

56
Q

whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), and segmented

Protects and electrically insulates nerve fibers

A

myelin sheath

57
Q

Increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses

A

myelin sheath

58
Q

myelin sheaths are found only on…

A

axons, never dendrites

59
Q

do all axons have myelin sheaths?

A

no

60
Q

receptive region of axon

A

receives stimulus (near “head”)

61
Q

conducting region of axon

A

generates/transmit action potentials (axon length area)

62
Q

secretory region of axon

A

release neurotransmitters (near “foot”)

63
Q

proteins can move about 15 inches per…

A

day

64
Q

white matter is white because…

A

of the myelin sheath

bundles of cell processes in CNS

65
Q

PNS, Schwann cells wrap around axon

A

multiple times

66
Q

schwann cell plasma membrane is unique

A

many common proteins (ex: channels) protein

“Velcro” proteins present

67
Q

outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm

A

cytoplasm and nucleus squeezed out into outer wrapping layer

68
Q

smallest diameter axons myelinated yes or no

A

no

69
Q

What makes myelins sheaths in the CNS?

A

ogliodendrocytes

70
Q

what is gray matter?

A

where neuron cell bodies are where connections occur

71
Q

multipolar neurons most common in…

A

CNS

72
Q

bipolar neurons are extremely rare…found only in…

A

sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.)

73
Q

unipolar

A

Peripheral process = Distal end associated with sensory receptor.
Central process = Enters CNS
found mostly in PNS ganglia as sensory neurons. (Receptive endings are sensory terminals.)

74
Q

Most are unipolar

Cell bodies are in sensory ganglia outside CNS

A

sensory (afferent neurons)–towards CNS

75
Q 
Multipolar
Cell bodies (nuclei) cluster in CNS
A

motor (efferent neurons)–away from CNS

76
Q

Mostly CNS
integration
99% of all neurons!
Almost all multipolar

A

interneurons between sensory and motor neurons

77
Q

what are most neurons in your body like?

A

multipolar
interneurons
usually one axon
several thousand dendrites

78
Q

resting membrane potential

A

approximately -70 mv

79
Q

resting membrane potential determined by 2 factors:

A

differences in:
ionic composition of ICF and ECF fluids
differences in membrane permeability to ions

80
Q

most important ion for driving voltage

A

potassium

81
Q

3 sodium ions out, how many potassium in?

A

2

82
Q

why is resting membrane potential negative?

A

25x easier for K ions in than for Na ions to come out

83
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential more positive

nerve impulse more likely

84
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential more negative

nerve impulse less likely

85
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

open in response to binding of certain neurotransmitter

86
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

open in response to changes in membrane potential

87
Q

sodium voltage channels gated how many times?

A

two gates,

three alternate states

88
Q

activation gate

A

responds to voltage change

89
Q

inactivation gate

A

slams shut after a few seconds

prevents too much sodium into cell

90
Q

K voltage channels gated how many times?

A

one gate

two alternate states

91
Q

Only cells with excitable membranes can generate action potentials

A

only muscle and nerve cells

92
Q

threshold

A

“point of no return”

will occur if membrane depolarizes to about -55 mv

93
Q

in neurons, action potentials only activated in

A

axons

94
Q

AP is brief reversal of membrane potential

A

nerve impulse in a neuron

95
Q

True or False?
All AP’s are alike
a weak stimulus and a strong stimulus both generate the same AP

A

True

96
Q

Weak vs strong

A

number of action potentials and frequency

97
Q

subthreshold stimulus

A

not generate an AP

98
Q

Na+ channels are all open and the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

99
Q

most of the Na+ channels return to resting state.
only really strong stimulus can open the Na+ channels. Strong stimuli generate multiple AP’s by intruding into this period

A

relative refractory period

100
Q

2 things determine AP speed

A

axon diameter

myelination

101
Q

larger axon diameter

A

faster AP

102
Q

myelination

A

faster AP (myelin insulates current)

103
Q

Non myelinated axons: continuous conduction

A

AP’s constantly regenerated along axon

slow

104
Q

Myelinated axons: saltatory conduction

A

AP’s regenerated only at myelin sheath gaps

30x faster than continuous conduction

105
Q

junction neuron-neuron/neuron-effector cell (muscle/gland cell)–neuromusclular junction

A

synapse

106
Q

conducts impulses toward the synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

107
Q

conducts impulses away from synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

108
Q

2 kinds of synapses:

A

electrical (uncommon)

chemical (common)

109
Q

electrical synapse

A

direct connections

  • -ions flow directly
  • -neurons electrically coupled
  • -very fast
110
Q

3 parts of chemical synapse

A

1) Knob-like axon terminal of presynaptic neuron has synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
2) Synaptic cleft
3) Receptor region of postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters

111
Q

0.3-5.0 ms; it is rate-limiting step in neural transmission

A

synaptic delay

112
Q

neurotransmitter which cause depolarization

A

excitatory

113
Q

neurotransmitter which cause hyperpolarization

A

inhibitory

114
Q

Bind to and open ion channels

elicit rapid response

A

direct neurotransmitter

115
Q

Act via second-messenger molecules for long-lasting effects (act like hormones)

A

indirect neurotransmitter

116
Q

One neuron stimulates the next in a chain causing a specific response

A

serial processing

117
Q

examples of serial processing

A

Spinal reflexes and some sensory pathways

118
Q

Generates automatic response to stimuli

A

reflex arc

119
Q

5 parts of reflex arc

A 
receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector (muscle/gland)
120
Q 
Inputs segregated into multiple pathways
pathway different function 
unique to individual
Not repetitious (like reflexes)
Needed for higher level mental functioning
A

parallel processing

–result of what happened, ex: why am I such a bad soccer player?

121
Q

diverging circuit

A

one input, many outputs

ex: tasting something

122
Q

converging circuit

A

many inputs, one output

ex: combo of sight, smell, sound of something reminding you of a certain place

123
Q

reverberating circuit

A

regular occurrence in body

ex: sleep/wake cycle, walking, breathing

124
Q

parallel after discharge circuits

A

one input–many neurons process–one output

complex mental processes

125
Q

Sympathetic

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity (autonomic nervous system)

126
Q

Most sensory neurons are…blankpolar

A

Unipolar

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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