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Anatomy and physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The emergence of life from non-living material

A

abiogenesis

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2
Q

Outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable barrier.

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

Proteins embedded in membrane move around

A

“Fluid Mosaic”

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4
Q

plasma membrane embedded with…

A

cholesterol
proteins
glycolipids
glycoproteins

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5
Q

hydrophilic heads

A

hydrophobic tails

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6
Q

5 Major Functions of Cell Membrane

A 
Mechanical barrier (separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid)
Selective permeability
Electrochemical gradient
Communication
Cell signaling
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7
Q

Phospholipids can move back and forth, but…

A

they do not flip sides!

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8
Q

lipid + sugar

A

glycolipid

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9
Q

2 glycolipid functions

A

Facilitates cellular recognition and cell-to-cell interactions
Constitutes about 5% of the cell membrane

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10
Q

Cholesterol functions

A

Regulates membrane fluidity

Constitutes about 20% of the cell membrane

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11
Q

“Sugary coating” made of glycolipids;

cell-to-cell recognition and facilitates cell’s interaction with environment

A

glycocalyx

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12
Q

glycocalyx made of…

A

CAMs and membrane receptors

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13
Q

embryonic development, wound repair, immunity

A

CAM’s (cellular adhesion molecules)

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14
Q

Contact signaling, chemical signaling

A

membrane receptors

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15
Q

protein inserted into membrane

A

integral

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16
Q

not inserted proteins

A

peripheral

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17
Q

“Cell glue” that helps hold body’s cells together

Proteins, carbohydrates secreted by cells

A

Extracellular Matrix

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18
Q

Interstitial fluids (nutritious “soup” that bathes cells)
Blood plasma
Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Extracellular Fluid

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19
Q

Digestive juices, lubricants, etc

A

Cellular Secretions

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20
Q

Order of Layers

A

Epithelial
Basal Lamina
Connective Tissue (collagen fibers)

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21
Q

Prevent digestive juices and microbes from escaping digestive tract

A

Tight Junctions

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22
Q

Reduce tearing in tissues subjected to mechanical forces (skin, heart)
“Velcro” or “Rivets”

A

Desmosomes

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23
Q

Electrically excitable tissues (heart, smooth muscle)

A

Gap junctions

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24
Q

2 kinds of passive transport (no energy input required)

A 
Diffusion
--Simple diffusion
--Facilitated diffusion
--Osmosis
Filtration (across capillary walls)
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25
Q

2 kinds of active transport (usually ADP or GTP)

A

Active transport
–Primary
–Secondary
Vesicular transport

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

particles naturally spread out

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27
Q

When is a cell in equilibrium with its environment?

A

when it is dead

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28
Q

Net osmosis depends on number (not (blank)) of solute particles

A

solute concentration increases, water concentration decreases

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29
Q

total concentration of all solutes

A

osmolarity

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30
Q

isotonic

A

cells retain normal size and shape in solution (same solute: water concentration as inside cells)
Ex: ECF, IV drip

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31
Q

hypertonic

A

cells lose water and shrink
(contains higher nonpenetrating concentration than inside the cell)
ex: ocean water

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32
Q

hypotonic

A

cells take on water until they burst
surrounding solution contains lower {} of nonpenetrating solutes than inside the cells
ex: distilled water

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33
Q

simple diffusion

A

from area of higher [] to lower []

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34
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

attached to a protein and carried through channel

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35
Q

primary active transport

A

Req hydrolysis of ATP
Phosphorylated pump changes shape, allowing it to move particles
Example: Na+-K+ pump transports ions against their electrochemical gradient
Sodium accumulates outside the cell; potassium accumulates inside the cell

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36
Q

Relies on electrochemical gradient est. by primary active transport
A particle actively transported across membrane can do work as it diffuses back
Example: Na+-glucose transporter (symporter)

A

secondary active transport

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37
Q

Symport system

A

Both particles move in the same direction

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38
Q

Antiport system

A

Particles move in the opposite direction

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39
Q

vesicular transport

A 
large particles (proteins) bubble-like sacs called vesicles
requires ATP
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40
Q

Importing

A

endocytosis

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41
Q

exporting

A

exocytosis

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42
Q

into, across, out of cell

A

transcytosis

43
Q

vesicular trafficking

A

move stuff around cell, FedEx

44
Q

3 vesicle fates

A

Recycling
Fusion with lysosome and digestion
Transcytosis
–important for endothelial cells (line blood vessels)
–Allows nutrients to quickly go from bloodstream to interstitial fluid

45
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

46
Q

phagocytosis

A

Targets material for digestion or destruction by fusing with lysosome
Non-specific

47
Q

pinocytosis

A

Cell “samples” ECF gather up solutes

Non-specific

48
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

cell to concentrate and import certain substances

hijacked by influenza and cholera

49
Q

Listeria

A

pathogen hijacks cells

50
Q

secretory vesicles secrete (by exocytosis)

A

Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Waste

51
Q

“Negative” means the inside of the cell is negative

A

membrane potential

52
Q

Na: K pump ratio

A

3 Na: 2 K

maintains isotonic environment (w/respect to ECF)

53
Q

: Substances that may be present depending on the type of cell

A

inclusions

54
Q

Properties of both colloids and solutions; contains salts, proteins, sugars, etc. dissolved in water

A

cytosol

55
Q

contain own DNA and ribosomes (can replicate themselves)
aerobic respiration
double membrane (2 bilayers)

A

mitochondria

56
Q

Synthesize protein

A

ribosomes

57
Q

ribosome location

A

free in cytosol

bound to rough ER (make proteins for transport)

58
Q

Endomembrane system (produce/store things, kill invaders)

A 
Endoplasmic reticulum
--Rough
--Smooth
Vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Nuclear membrane`
59
Q

Hosts ribosomes that produce proteins

A

Rough ER (First, proteins to Golgi apparatus;
Then, secreted (exported) shipped to membrane
–hosts enzymes make phospholipids

60
Q

Continuous w/ rough ER
No ribosomes
hosts enzymes

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

what kind of enzymes does the smooth ER host?

A
  • -Lipid metabolism
  • -hormone synthesis
  • -Detoxification
  • -Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
62
Q

Golgi Apparatus (“FedEx”)

A

Vesicles received from ER at cis face
Proteins modified then tagged for delivery and shipped from trans face via one of three types of vesicles:
–Secretory vesicles (granules): Secretion via exocytosis
–Vesicles with proteins or lipids destined for cell membrane
–Vesicles with digestive enzymes become lysosomes

63
Q

Vesicles that allow the cell to digest things safely

The inside is acidic and contains digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)

A

Lysosomes

64
Q

lysosome functions (3)

A

Digest macromolecules
Destroy microbial invaders (phagocytes)
Recycling (proteins, organelles) – known as autophagy
Autolysis: Lysosome ruptures and spills contents into cell, and the cell dies

65
Q

Molecules with a single unpaired electron

A

peroxisomes

66
Q

peroxisomes (destroy free radicals and other toxins)

A

Oxidases convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Catalases convert H2O2 to water

67
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

68
Q

“web” made of actin
Strengthen cell surface, resist compression, movement
Constantly break down and re-form

A

microfilaments

69
Q

permanent “woven rope” attaches to desmosomes
Resists pulling forces exerted on cell (prevents tearing)
maintain cell shape

A

intermediate filaments

70
Q

hollow tubes made of“tubulin”; constantly break down and reassemble
Serve as “scaffolding” (i.e. cell shape and positioning of organelles)
Motor proteins – organelles around on the microtubules
Associated with centrosomes (and the mitotic spindle)

A

microtubules

71
Q

paired centrioles

Organizes mitotic spindle (mitosis)

A

centrosomes

72
Q

nine triplets of microtubules (9 x 3)
In centrosomes, centrioles are found in pairs, at right angles
–form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

centrioles (churro)

73
Q

3 parts of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus (singular) or nucleoli (plural)
Chromatin

74
Q

which cells do not have nuclei

A

red blood cells

75
Q

Double-membrane
Outer mem continuous with rough ER
Inner membrane (nuclear lamina – a protein scaffold nucleus shape & organizes DNA)

A

nuclear envelope

also contains nuclear pores and nucleoplasm

76
Q

Contains rRNA genes (DNA), RNA, enzymes, and other proteins

A

nucleolus

77
Q

DNA wraps twice around 8 histone proteins

A

nucleosome (“units” of chromatin)

78
Q

Routine cellular activities

A

G1 (gap 1):

79
Q

DNA replicates

A

S phase

80
Q

stopped dividing

A

G0 phase

81
Q

enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix

A

helicase

82
Q

Synthesizes RNA primer

A

primase

83
Q

Adds nucleotides to produce the DNA polymer

A

DNA polymerase

84
Q

Seals the “nicks” in the lagging strand

A

ligase

85
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle

86
Q

Anaphase

A

Microtubules pull sister chromatids apart, and each chromatid is now considered a chromosome

87
Q

telophase

A

New nuclear envelopes form
Chromosomes uncoil
Briefly, cell binucleate

88
Q

DNA to RNA

Occurs in the nucleus

A

Transcription (occurs in nucleus)

89
Q

RNA to protein

A

Translation (occurs in cytoplasm)

90
Q

Micro RNA (miRNA)

A

regulation of gene expression

91
Q

Messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA)

A

RNA involved in translation

92
Q

codon

A

three nucleotides

93
Q

coding strand: TGCAATC

A

template strand: ACGTTAG

mRNA: UGCAAUC

94
Q

transcription (key enzyme)

A

RNA polymerase

95
Q

exons

A

code for protein

96
Q

introns

A

do not code for protein

97
Q

splicing

A

removing introns

98
Q

review transcription and translation

A

yes

99
Q

where does translation occur?

A

in ribosomes in cytoplasm

100
Q

ribosomes

A

protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

With transfer RNA (tRNA), translate the message from mRNA into protein

101
Q

tRNA

A

amino acid
tRNA
anticodon
(attached to codon)

102
Q

Proteins made on rough ER and then…

A

transported to Golgi Apparatus

103
Q

review slide 93 of “The Cell”

A

yes

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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