Blood Flashcards
1
Q
blood is a connective tissue because (2)
A
1) comes from mesenchyme
2) living cells and cell fragments (“formed elements”) surrounded by a non-living, fluid matrix (plasma).
2
Q
Eight major functions of blood:
Transportation (3)
A
1) nutrients and oxygen to body cells
2) waste products to elimination sites
3) hormones from endocrine organs to target
3
Q
Eight major functions of blood:
Regulation (3)
A
1) body temperature absorbing and distributing heat throughout body and to skin surface, encourage heat loss
2) proper pH (buffer)
3) adequate fluid vol in circulatory system(osmoregulation)
4
Q
Eight major functions of blood:
Protection:
A
1) Prevent blood loss via clotting
2) Prevent infection; transport immune cells and proteins
5
Q
erythrocytes (M/F distribution)
A
47% in males42% in females
6
Q
Hematocrit
A
(blood volume % that is RBC):
7
Q
blood pH is slightly
A
basic
8
Q
blood is more viscous than water
A
due to erythrocytes
9
Q
Men vs. Women
A
Men have more RBC’s than women
Men have more blood volume (1.5 gallons) than women (1.25 gallon)
10
Q
oxygen rich blood is scarlet red
A
oxygen poor blood is dark red
11
Q
plasma contains over BLANK different solutes
A
100
12
Q
plasma proteins
A
Made by liver
Not fuel
Maintain osmotic pressure (keep water in bloodstream) and other functions
13
Q
Major plasma protein
Carrier for other molecules
Buffer
Maj contributor to osmotic pressure
A
Albumin
14
Q
plasma composition varies, but what keeps it mainly constant?
A
homeostasis
15
Q
Erythrocytes
A
RBCs
16
Q
megakaryotes produce
A
platelets
17
Q
WBCs
A
leukocytes
18
Q
hematopoiesis
A
blood cell formation
19
Q
magloid cells
A
immune cells
20
Q
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets originate from
A
hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
21
Q
RBC’s don’t have a
A
nucleus or organelles no mitochondria (don't consume O)
22
Q
RBC’s cannot
A
divide or
make new proteins
23
Q
RBC’s essentially just
A
hemoglobin
24
Q
Hemoglobin’s main function
A
O to lungs, CO2 back to lungs
25
globin made up of how many polypeptide chains
4
26
"Heme" (red pigment)
iron atom in middle
O2 molecules bind to iron atom
4 heme groups embedded within the globin
27
RBC can carry about how many molecules of O2
1 billion
28
CO2 binds to
amino acids, not heme group
29
red bone marrow
- -loose (reticular) connective tissue
| - -reticular cells (secrete connective tissue fibers, immature blood cells, etc.)
30
marrow produces 2 million RBC's per
second
31
Erythropoiesis
Formation of erythrocytes (RBCs) in red bone marrow
32
Stem cells=> progenitor cells=>gradually differentiate into RBCs
- -differentiation (cells div several x, produce lots of ribosomes (make protein, especially hemoglobin), and accumulate iron
- -nucleus and organelles are ejected
- -15-17 days
Erythropoiesis
33
Amino acid hormone produced by the kidneys that triggers erythropoiesis; produced in response to low blood oxygen levels
Erythropoietin (EPO)
34
Control of erythropoiesis is based on
how much O, not # of RBC's
35
kidneys detect
blood O levels
| provide signal to produce RBC's erythropoietin
36
Decreased RBC count
excessive bleeding and RBC destruction
37
Decreased amt of hemoglobin
iron deficiency
38
Decreased availability of O2
high altitude or pneumonia
39
RBC graveyard
spleen
| --microphages digest and destroy RBC's for recycling
40
stercobilin
why poop is brown
41
Blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity too low
symptom, not disease
Anemic individuals suffer fatigue, shortness of breath, pallid skin, chill
Anemia
42
hemorrhagic anemia (blood loss)
acute (trauma) or chronic (slow, persistent blood loss)
43
Inadequate iron intake or impaired iron absorption
iron-deficiency anemia
44
occur in vegans (B12 is needed for DNA synthesis)
Vitamin B12-deficiency anemia
45
Autoimmune disorder that results in B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
46
Damaged or diseased kidneys produce less erythropoietin
Renal anemia
47
Damage or destruction of red bone marrow (e.g., from radiation)
Note: Also causes defects in blood clotting and immunity since all formed elements are affected
Aplastic anemia
48
Hemolytic anemia
| caused by: Hemoglobin abnormalities; transfusion of mismatched blood; certain infections
RBCs rupture prematurely
49
Sickle Cell Anemia
Mutation hemoglobin weird shape after oxygen is offloaded; RBC “sickle”'s
rupture easily and block small blood vessels
50
sickle cell anemia symptoms
Shortness of breath, extreme pain, infection, stroke
51
Sickle Cell Anemia persists cause heterozygotes= partially protected against malaria!!!
RBCs only sickle when infected with malaria Sickling triggers macrophages to consume RBCs (and the parasite inside)
52
plasma is mostly
water and electrolytes, hormones
53
polycythemia
abnormal excess of RBCs, which makes blood viscous and like “sludge”
Causes: Bone marrow cancer, “blood doping” by athletes
54
blood doping
RBCs are drawn and stored
Body replaces missing RBCs
Stored RBCs are reinfused prior to event, causing temporary polycythemia
It works! (More O2 = better performance)
But… you could experience a stroke or heart failure and die. Choose wisely.
55
Used for blood clotting
Platelets (thrombocytes):
- -fragments of megakaryotes
- -chemicals and proteins for clotting
- -degenerated in about 10 days if not needed
56
megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes send cellular extensions through capillary walls in red bone marrow
Extensions rupture, releasing platelets (like leaves blowing off a tree)
57
stopping of blood flow to prevent blood loss
hemostasis
58
step 1 of hemostasis
| vascular spasm
: Blood vessel constricts to prevent blood loss
59
step 2 of hemostasis
| platelet plug formation
lining of blood vessel wall (made of endothelial cells) damaged, collagen is exposed.
Platelets stick to collagen and to each other.
release chemicals recruit more platelets.
Platelets sufficient for thousands of tiny tears in small vessels often
bigger tear needs additional reinforcement
60
Blood clotting that utilizes clotting factors and fibrin proteins
coagulation step 3 of hemostasis
61
clotting factor
Produced by liver and circulate in blood in inactive form (until needed)
62
Clotting factors “activated” when a piece is clipped off
Forces it to change shape into active enzyme
then....
next factor is activated (cascade)
63
crucial to 3 steps of hemostasis
negatively charged membranes
64
hemostasis phase 1 endpoint:
prothrombin activator forms
65
= Xa + Va + Ca2+ + negative phospholipid surface
prothrombin activator
66
All factors are found within blood
intrinsic pathway
67
activated by “Tissue factor” is from outside blood
extrinsic pathway
68
hemostasis phase 2 endpoint
when prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin (active enzyme)
69
phase 3 endpoint
fibrin mesh seals hole
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Fibrin polymerizes and forms the structural basis of clot
70
clot usually forms within
3-6 minutes of vessel damage
71
Platelets contain contractile proteins (actin, myosin – just like muscles!)
Contraction pulls on fibrin strands, squeezes serum (plasma minus clotting proteins) out of the clot, and draws torn edges of blood vessel wall together
Blood vessel repair begins:
Smooth muscle cells divide, fibroblasts form a connective tissue patch, and endothelial cells divide and restore vessel lining
clot retraction
72
Clot removed once blood vessel is healed
if they weren’t removed, our vessels would be entirely blocked
Clots incorporate inactive plasminogen, which is eventually activated to plasmin
Plasmin is a “clot busting” enzyme because it digests fibrin
Fibrinolysis begins within 2 days and takes several days to dissolve the clot
fibrinolysis
73
Clot formed in unbroken blood vessel
| block circulation and cause tissue death (e.g., heart attack)
thrombus
74
Piece of a thrombus that breaks off and floats in bloodstream
embolus
75
Embolus that obstructs a blood vessel
| Cerebral embolism may cause a stroke
embolism
76
risk factors for thromboembolic disorder
Roughened vessel endothelium
| Slow blood
77
anticoagulants
Proteins or chemicals that prevent blood clotting
| Aspirin, heparin, warfarin
78
deficiency platelet #
“Penia” = “poverty”
Normal movement=>widespread hemorrhage, forming purple spots on skin
Thrombocytopenia (Caused by bone marrow damage)
79
Genetic disease
Impaired liver function: Liver can’t produce clotting factors
Causes: Vit K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis
hemophilia (x-linked disease)
80
about 30 different blood groups...most common blood type?
O pos
81
getting wrong blood type can...
eventually shut down kidneys
82
antibodies bind antigens on RBC surface, the RBCs clump together
agglutinate
83
AB+ is universal recipient
O- is universal donor
84
Different versions of a gene
alleles
85
Blood type A and B have what kind of inheritance (D/R)
codominant
86
O has what kind of inheritance (D/R)
recessive
87
Blood chemistry profile (electrolytes, glucose, and markers of liver and kidney disorders)
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP):
88
Counts the formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) as well as hemoglobin
Complete blood count (CBC):
89
erythropoiesis is regulated by the...
kidneys
90
how much blood produced per day
1 oz
91
Mother Rh-, child Rh+
placental barrier
| problem when during birth, mother produces antibodies; mother given a shot during delivery that prevents immune response
