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Anatomy and physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is a connective tissue because (2)

A

1) comes from mesenchyme

2) living cells and cell fragments (“formed elements”) surrounded by a non-living, fluid matrix (plasma).

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2
Q

Eight major functions of blood:

Transportation (3)

A

1) nutrients and oxygen to body cells
2) waste products to elimination sites
3) hormones from endocrine organs to target

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3
Q

Eight major functions of blood:

Regulation (3)

A

1) body temperature absorbing and distributing heat throughout body and to skin surface, encourage heat loss
2) proper pH (buffer)
3) adequate fluid vol in circulatory system(osmoregulation)

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4
Q

Eight major functions of blood:

Protection:

A

1) Prevent blood loss via clotting

2) Prevent infection; transport immune cells and proteins

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5
Q

erythrocytes (M/F distribution)

A

47% in males42% in females

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

(blood volume % that is RBC):

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7
Q

blood pH is slightly

A

basic

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8
Q

blood is more viscous than water

A

due to erythrocytes

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9
Q

Men vs. Women

A

Men have more RBC’s than women

Men have more blood volume (1.5 gallons) than women (1.25 gallon)

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10
Q

oxygen rich blood is scarlet red

A

oxygen poor blood is dark red

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11
Q

plasma contains over BLANK different solutes

A

100

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12
Q

plasma proteins

A

Made by liver
Not fuel
Maintain osmotic pressure (keep water in bloodstream) and other functions

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13
Q

Major plasma protein
Carrier for other molecules
Buffer
Maj contributor to osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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14
Q

plasma composition varies, but what keeps it mainly constant?

A

homeostasis

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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16
Q

megakaryotes produce

A

platelets

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17
Q

WBCs

A

leukocytes

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18
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

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19
Q

magloid cells

A

immune cells

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20
Q

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets originate from

A

hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow

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21
Q

RBC’s don’t have a

A 
nucleus or organelles
no mitochondria (don't consume O)
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22
Q

RBC’s cannot

A

divide or

make new proteins

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23
Q

RBC’s essentially just

A

hemoglobin

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24
Q

Hemoglobin’s main function

A

O to lungs, CO2 back to lungs

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25
Q

globin made up of how many polypeptide chains

A

4

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26
Q

“Heme” (red pigment)

A

iron atom in middle
O2 molecules bind to iron atom
4 heme groups embedded within the globin

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27
Q

RBC can carry about how many molecules of O2

A

1 billion

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28
Q

CO2 binds to

A

amino acids, not heme group

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29
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • -loose (reticular) connective tissue

- -reticular cells (secrete connective tissue fibers, immature blood cells, etc.)

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30
Q

marrow produces 2 million RBC’s per

A

second

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31
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes (RBCs) in red bone marrow

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32
Q

Stem cells=> progenitor cells=>gradually differentiate into RBCs

  • -differentiation (cells div several x, produce lots of ribosomes (make protein, especially hemoglobin), and accumulate iron
  • -nucleus and organelles are ejected
  • -15-17 days
A

Erythropoiesis

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33
Q

Amino acid hormone produced by the kidneys that triggers erythropoiesis; produced in response to low blood oxygen levels

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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34
Q

Control of erythropoiesis is based on

A

how much O, not # of RBC’s

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35
Q

kidneys detect

A

blood O levels

provide signal to produce RBC’s erythropoietin

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36
Q

Decreased RBC count

A

excessive bleeding and RBC destruction

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37
Q

Decreased amt of hemoglobin

A

iron deficiency

38
Q

Decreased availability of O2

A

high altitude or pneumonia

39
Q

RBC graveyard

A

spleen

–microphages digest and destroy RBC’s for recycling

40
Q

stercobilin

A

why poop is brown

41
Q

Blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity too low
symptom, not disease
Anemic individuals suffer fatigue, shortness of breath, pallid skin, chill

A

Anemia

42
Q

hemorrhagic anemia (blood loss)

A

acute (trauma) or chronic (slow, persistent blood loss)

43
Q

Inadequate iron intake or impaired iron absorption

A

iron-deficiency anemia

44
Q

occur in vegans (B12 is needed for DNA synthesis)

A

Vitamin B12-deficiency anemia

45
Q

Autoimmune disorder that results in B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia

46
Q

Damaged or diseased kidneys produce less erythropoietin

A

Renal anemia

47
Q

Damage or destruction of red bone marrow (e.g., from radiation)
Note: Also causes defects in blood clotting and immunity since all formed elements are affected

A

Aplastic anemia

48
Q

Hemolytic anemia

caused by: Hemoglobin abnormalities; transfusion of mismatched blood; certain infections

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

49
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Mutation hemoglobin weird shape after oxygen is offloaded; RBC “sickle”’s
rupture easily and block small blood vessels

50
Q

sickle cell anemia symptoms

A

Shortness of breath, extreme pain, infection, stroke

51
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia persists cause heterozygotes= partially protected against malaria!!!

A

RBCs only sickle when infected with malaria  Sickling triggers macrophages to consume RBCs (and the parasite inside)

52
Q

plasma is mostly

A

water and electrolytes, hormones

53
Q

polycythemia

A

abnormal excess of RBCs, which makes blood viscous and like “sludge”
Causes: Bone marrow cancer, “blood doping” by athletes

54
Q

blood doping

A

RBCs are drawn and stored
Body replaces missing RBCs
Stored RBCs are reinfused prior to event, causing temporary polycythemia
It works! (More O2 = better performance)
But… you could experience a stroke or heart failure and die. Choose wisely.

55
Q

Used for blood clotting

A

Platelets (thrombocytes):

  • -fragments of megakaryotes
  • -chemicals and proteins for clotting
  • -degenerated in about 10 days if not needed
56
Q

megakaryocytes

A

Megakaryocytes send cellular extensions through capillary walls in red bone marrow
Extensions rupture, releasing platelets (like leaves blowing off a tree)

57
Q

stopping of blood flow to prevent blood loss

A

hemostasis

58
Q

step 1 of hemostasis

vascular spasm

A

: Blood vessel constricts to prevent blood loss

59
Q

step 2 of hemostasis

platelet plug formation

A

lining of blood vessel wall (made of endothelial cells) damaged, collagen is exposed.
Platelets stick to collagen and to each other.
release chemicals recruit more platelets.
Platelets sufficient for thousands of tiny tears in small vessels often
bigger tear needs additional reinforcement

60
Q

Blood clotting that utilizes clotting factors and fibrin proteins

A

coagulation step 3 of hemostasis

61
Q

clotting factor

A

Produced by liver and circulate in blood in inactive form (until needed)

62
Q

Clotting factors “activated” when a piece is clipped off
Forces it to change shape into active enzyme
then….

A

next factor is activated (cascade)

63
Q

crucial to 3 steps of hemostasis

A

negatively charged membranes

64
Q

hemostasis phase 1 endpoint:

A

prothrombin activator forms

65
Q

= Xa + Va + Ca2+ + negative phospholipid surface

A

prothrombin activator

66
Q

All factors are found within blood

A

intrinsic pathway

67
Q

activated by “Tissue factor” is from outside blood

A

extrinsic pathway

68
Q

hemostasis phase 2 endpoint

A

when prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin (active enzyme)

69
Q

phase 3 endpoint

A

fibrin mesh seals hole
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Fibrin polymerizes and forms the structural basis of clot

70
Q

clot usually forms within

A

3-6 minutes of vessel damage

71
Q

Platelets contain contractile proteins (actin, myosin – just like muscles!)
Contraction pulls on fibrin strands, squeezes serum (plasma minus clotting proteins) out of the clot, and draws torn edges of blood vessel wall together
Blood vessel repair begins:
Smooth muscle cells divide, fibroblasts form a connective tissue patch, and endothelial cells divide and restore vessel lining

A

clot retraction

72
Q

Clot removed once blood vessel is healed
if they weren’t removed, our vessels would be entirely blocked
Clots incorporate inactive plasminogen, which is eventually activated to plasmin
Plasmin is a “clot busting” enzyme because it digests fibrin
Fibrinolysis begins within 2 days and takes several days to dissolve the clot

A

fibrinolysis

73
Q

Clot formed in unbroken blood vessel

block circulation and cause tissue death (e.g., heart attack)

A

thrombus

74
Q

Piece of a thrombus that breaks off and floats in bloodstream

A

embolus

75
Q

Embolus that obstructs a blood vessel

Cerebral embolism may cause a stroke

A

embolism

76
Q

risk factors for thromboembolic disorder

A

Roughened vessel endothelium

Slow blood

77
Q

anticoagulants

A

Proteins or chemicals that prevent blood clotting

Aspirin, heparin, warfarin

78
Q

deficiency platelet #
“Penia” = “poverty”
Normal movement=>widespread hemorrhage, forming purple spots on skin

A

Thrombocytopenia (Caused by bone marrow damage)

79
Q

Genetic disease
Impaired liver function: Liver can’t produce clotting factors
Causes: Vit K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis

A

hemophilia (x-linked disease)

80
Q

about 30 different blood groups…most common blood type?

A

O pos

81
Q

getting wrong blood type can…

A

eventually shut down kidneys

82
Q

antibodies bind antigens on RBC surface, the RBCs clump together

A

agglutinate

83
Q

AB+ is universal recipient

A

O- is universal donor

84
Q

Different versions of a gene

A

alleles

85
Q

Blood type A and B have what kind of inheritance (D/R)

A

codominant

86
Q

O has what kind of inheritance (D/R)

A

recessive

87
Q

Blood chemistry profile (electrolytes, glucose, and markers of liver and kidney disorders)

A

Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP):

88
Q

Counts the formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) as well as hemoglobin

A

Complete blood count (CBC):

89
Q

erythropoiesis is regulated by the…

A

kidneys

90
Q

how much blood produced per day

A

1 oz

91
Q

Mother Rh-, child Rh+

A

placental barrier

problem when during birth, mother produces antibodies; mother given a shot during delivery that prevents immune response

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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