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Anatomy and physiology > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

PNS includes 3 things

A

Sensory receptors
Nerves and associated ganglia
Motor endings (neuromuscular junctions)

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2
Q

Respond to mechanical force, such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

Respond to temperature changes; there are both hot and cold receptors

A

thermoreceptors

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4
Q

Respond to light (e.g., those found in retina)

A

photoreceptors

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5
Q

Respond to chemicals in solution (e.g., molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

A

chemoreceptors

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6
Q

Respond to pain; signals (e.g., acid, extreme heat) stimulate subtypes of thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

A

nocicoreceptors

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7
Q

Respond to stimuli arising outside body, so are located near or at body surface (e.g., touch, pressure, pain, temperature, special senses)

A

exteroceptors

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8
Q

Respond to stimuli arising inside the body (e.g., from internal organs and blood vessels)

A

interoceptors

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9
Q

Monitor variety of stimuli (e.g., stretch, chemical changes, temperature)
Generally unaware of their activity, but they can make us feel pain, discomfort, hunger, thirst, etc.

A

interoceptors

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10
Q

Respond to internal stimuli;
monitor stretch in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
allows awareness of positions and movements of body parts

A

proprioceptors

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11
Q

modified dendrites; most common in body

A

sensory receptors

  • -tactile sensation
  • -temp
  • -pain
  • -proprioceptors
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12
Q

“muscle sense”

A

proprioceptors

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13
Q

Receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium) are housed in

A

sense organs

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14
Q

general sensory receptors

A

chemicals, temperature, pressure, and pain

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15
Q

one receptor can respond to (blank) stimuli

A

various (a lot of overlap)

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16
Q

modified free nerve ending (Merkel cells/tactile disc)

A

exteroceptors

mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

exteroceptors

mechanorecepetors

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18
Q

itch

A

allergic response?

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19
Q

nonencapsulated

A

Merkel/tactile discs
hair follicle receptors
free nerve endings of sensory neurons

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20
Q

encapsulated

A

Neuron terminals are surrounded by connective tissue capsule

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21
Q

most encapsulated are found in…

A

mechanoreceptors (skin)

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22
Q

muscle spindle–muscle contracts

A

found in muscles

form of proprioceptor to let brain know how much muscle is stretching; play a role in reflex

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23
Q

tendon organs–muscle relaxes

A

let brain know how much tendon is stretching

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24
Q

3 levels of somatosensory neural integration

A

sensory receptor level
circuit level
perceptual level

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25
Q

A stimulus excites a receptor

A

sensory receptor level

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26
Q

Stimulus energy converted to graded potential

Eventually, action potential is sent to CNS

A

Transducton (SR level)

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27
Q

Some sensory receptors have a change in sensitivity (and impulse generation) to a constant stimulus

A

Adaptation (SR level)

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28
Q

Adapt quickly; provide info about changes in environment

A

phasic receptors (SR level)

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29
Q

Little or no adaptation; nociceptors and proprioceptors almost always provide info; so we know we are in pain until pain is fixed

A

Tonic receptors (SR level)

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30
Q

stimulus is a graded potential to

A

action potential

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31
Q

Processing of sensory input along ascending pathways; delivers impulses to cerebral cortex

A

Circuit level (chain of 3 neurons)

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32
Q

are all receptors able to adapt?

A

no

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33
Q

which receptors can adapt?

A

phasic

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34
Q

Processing in cerebral cortex

A

perceptual level

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35
Q

perceptual level (processing in cerebral cortex)

A

Sensation identification depends on location of target neurons in brain’s somatosensory cortex (there is a map)
Each axon “labeled line” says “who” is calling and from “where”
Features: Detection, magnitude estimation, spatial discrimination (e.g., two-point discrimination), abstraction, quality discrimination (e.g., sweet vs. salty), and pattern recognition

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36
Q
  • -Cell bodies in ganglion (dorsal root or cranial)

- -transmit impulses from peripheral receptors to spinal cord or brain stem

A

First Order Neurons (super long)

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37
Q
  • -Cell bodies reside in dorsal gray matter of spinal cord or nuclei of medulla oblongata
  • -transmit impulses to thalamus or cerebellum
A

Second Order Neurons

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38
Q
  • -Cell bodies in thalamus (no third-order neurons in cerebellum)
  • -transmit impulses to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum
A

Third Order Neurons

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39
Q

Ascending Pathway has (blank) neurons

A

3

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40
Q

warns us of tissue damage

A

pain

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41
Q

triggered by chemicals and extremes of pressure and temperature

A

pain receptors

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42
Q

We all have the same pain threshold (stimulus intensity that causes us to feel pain) but different

A

pain tolerances

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43
Q

pain tolerance and response to pain medication determined by…

A

genetics

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44
Q

Intense or long-lasting pain activates…

A

NMDA receptors (special type of chemically-gated ion channels in synapses that are associated with learning)
spinal cord “learned pain”
cause of phantom limb pain

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45
Q

how to reduce phantom limb pain

A

Epidural anesthetics reduce incidence of phantom limb pain; must be managed early

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46
Q

Pain stimulus arising in one body part is interpreted by the brain as arising from another body part

A

Referred pain

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47
Q

why does referred pain occur?

A

Brain interprets pain as coming from more common somatic pathway

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48
Q

How can the somatosensory cortex tell the difference between hot and cold?

A

different thermoreceptors are parts of different “labeled lines” to the brain

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49
Q

How can the somatosensory cortex tell the difference between Cool and cold?

A

action potential frequency from cold stimulus greater than cool stimulus

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50
Q

How can the somatosensory cortex tell the difference between Ice on your arm or ice on your foot?

A

Signals from arms and feet are carried along different “labeled lines,” arriving in different parts of the somatosensory cortex

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51
Q

Loose connective tissue surrounds each axon (nerve fiber) and Schwann cells if present

A

endoneurium

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52
Q

Connective tissue surrounds groups of nerve fibers called fascicles

A

perineurium

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53
Q

Tough fibrous sheath encloses everything

A

epineurium

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54
Q

only sensory fibers toward CNS

A

sensory nerves

55
Q

only motor fibers away from CNS

A

motor nerves

56
Q

both sensory and motor fibers

A

mixed nerves

57
Q

pure sensory and motor=rare

A

mixed=common

58
Q

are mature neurons amitotic?

A

yes

59
Q

nerve axons do not

A

regenerate

60
Q

damage to cell body kills neuron and…

A

all neurons stimulated by it

61
Q

if only axon is damaged (CNS)…it cannot regenerate

A

Oligodendrocytes suppress axon regeneration

Astrocytes form scar tissue

62
Q

if only axon is damaged (PNS)…it can regenerate

A
  • -Schwann cells
  • -slowly (1.5 mm/day)
  • -must retrain
63
Q

Post-trauma axon regrowth

A

never like before

64
Q

know all 12 cranial nerves

A

yes

65
Q

all cranial nerves attach to brain stem except…

A

1, 2, 12

66
Q

All cranial nerves only serve head and neck except

A

vagus nerve

67
Q

Only the tiny sensory nerves (“filaments”) are part of cranial nerve
Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract (which lead to primary olfactory cortex) are part of the brain

A

olfactory nerve (1)

68
Q

partial crossover of fibers at the optic chiasma

A

optic nerve (2)

69
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV) controls

A

eye movement

70
Q

trochlear nerve means

A

“pulley”

Cartilaginous structure

71
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

Largest cranial nerves

involved in migraine

72
Q

3 regions of Trigeminal (V)

A

V1: Ophthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular

73
Q

facial (VII) 5 branches

Facial expressions not chewing

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
74
Q

chewing controlled by

A

trigeminal nerve

75
Q

vagus (X)

A

Medulla oblongata helps regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems
serves visceral organs

76
Q

“Gut-brain axis”

A

gut flora (bacteria in intestines) can communicate with our brain via vagus

77
Q

gut bacteria can influence behavior

A

and vice versa (speculative)

78
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

79
Q

spinal nerves named according to…

A

vertebrae

80
Q

8 cervical nerves, only 7 cervical vertebrae

A

first 7 exit superior to vertebrae, but at 8th comes out inferior to c7 (c8 nerve)
anything after that is inferior to vertebrae it’s named after

81
Q

cervical enlargement

A

larger than rest of spinal cord because service arms

82
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

larger than rest of spinal cord because service legs

83
Q

spinal nerves: CNS or PNS

A

part of PNS

84
Q

Ventral roots

A

Motor (efferent) fibers
Somatic (voluntary) motor neurons
Visceral (autonomic; specifically, sympathetic) motor neurons

85
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Sensory (afferent) fibers
Somatic sensory neurons
Visceral sensory neurons

86
Q

: Cell bodies of sensory neurons cluster at

A

dorsal root ganglion

87
Q

Spinal roots (blank) to form spinal nerves (both motor and sensory meet) inside vertebral column

A

merge

88
Q

Spinal nerves emerge from foramina and split into

A

dorsal and ventral rami; now are mixed

89
Q

roots

A

Strictly sensory or motor

90
Q

rami

A

both sensory and motor fibers

91
Q

Ventral rami for nerves T2-T11 become

A

intercostal nerves

92
Q

T12 becomes

A

subcostal nerves

93
Q

5 spinal plexuses

A 
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
94
Q

ventral nerve plexus redistribute because

A

each muscle in a limb supplied by more than one spinal nerve, so it is unlikely to completely paralyze any limb muscle

95
Q

dorsal rami don’t form

A

plexuses

96
Q

don’t need to know any of slide 34

A

yes

97
Q

after fibers stop and form new nerves

A

yes

98
Q

Innervates diaphragm (breathing muscle);

A

Phrenic nerve (cervical plexus):

99
Q

Injury hard to use the pincer grasp (opposed thumb and index finger) ; damaged in wrist-slashing suicide attempts and compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Median nerve (brachial plexus)

100
Q

ulnar nerve (brachial plexus)

A

“funny bone”

101
Q

Herniated disc compressing lumbar plexus can cause gait problems
femoral nerve innervates leg muscles

A

Femoral nerve (lumbar plexus):

102
Q

Thickest, longest nerve of body; supplies leg; sciatica is a stabbing pain that radiates from this nerve

A

Sciatic nerve (sacral plexus):

103
Q

Area of skin innervated by cutaneous sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

104
Q

dermatome maps

A

people have different maps

105
Q

all spinal nerves except C1 involved in

A

touch

106
Q

can determine if spinal cord is damaged based on

A

dermatomes (if suddenly loses sensation)

107
Q

destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness anywhere

A

because of overlap

108
Q

in limbs, some skin only innervated by single spinal nerve

A

could lose all feeling

109
Q

highest level of command for movement

A

cerebellum

110
Q

cerebellum controls output of cortex and

A

brain stem

111
Q

Where? unconscious planning occurs in advance of willful movement (sets pathway, we decide whether or not to act)

A

cerebellum

112
Q

upper motor neurons (descending pathway)

A

Motor cortex and basal nuclei (subcortical motor nuclei)

113
Q

lower motor neurons (descending pathway)

A

Ventral gray matter regions of spinal cord; directly innervate skeletal muscles

114
Q

serial processing

A

Automatic response

115
Q

parallel processing

A

awareness

116
Q

Due to practice or repetition

A

learned (acquired) reflex

117
Q

single synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron; no interneuron

A

monosynaptic reflex (not common, but do exist)

118
Q

More than one synapse; interneurons

A

polysynaptic reflex (common)

119
Q

somatic reflex

A

Activate skeletal muscle

120
Q

autonomic (visceral) reflex

A

Activate smooth or cardiac muscle or glands

121
Q

spinal reflexes

A

somatic reflexes occur without input from higher brain centers

122
Q

thinks muscle is being stretched too far, causes muscle to contract

A

muscle reflex

123
Q

tendon reflex

A

helps muscle relax

124
Q

stretch reflexes are generally…

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral

125
Q

part of reflex arc inhibits antagonist is…

A

polysynaptic

126
Q

stretch reflex prevents knee from buckling, falling

A

patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

127
Q

tendon reflex is…

A

polysynaptic

muscles relax and lengthen in response to tension

128
Q

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

Response to painful stimulus
Ipsilateral, polysynaptic
Can be overridden by brain (e.g., expecting a prick for blood draw)

129
Q

crossed-extensor reflex often accompanies

A

flexor (withdrawal reflex)

130
Q

crossed (extensor) reflex

A

one arm flexes, the other extends
E.g., if you step on broken glass, one leg flexes (withdraws), while the other extends (to support weight of body)
Helps maintain balance
Contralateral, polysynaptic

131
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

132
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

133
Q

autonomic myelinated?

A

not always

it’s ok to be slow

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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