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Anatomy and physiology > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

dominant sense

A

vision

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2
Q

Outer layer made up of avascular connective tissue

A

fibrous layer

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3
Q

sclera

A

“white” of the eye

protects eye muscle anchoring site

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4
Q

Anterior portion; transparent; well innervated and responds reflexively to touch; able to regenerate
It has no blood vessels, so it is beyond the reach of the immune system
It is the only part of the body that can be transplanted with little fear of rejection

A

cornea

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5
Q

eye’s Middle layer; pigmented

A

vascular layer

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6
Q

Blood vessels here nourish all eye layers; melanocytes produce melanin to absorb light (to prevent it from reflecting and scattering)

A

choroid

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7
Q

Consists mostly of smooth muscles that control lens shape

A

ciliary body

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8
Q

Colored part of eye; pupil
Elastic fibers unique like fingerprints before birth!
eyes are due to light scattering in unpigmented regions

A

Iris

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9
Q

only see dimly lit stars through peripheral vision

A

better looking at dim light

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10
Q

allows light to enter

A

pupil

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11
Q

retina

A

inner layer (pigmented and neural layer)

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12
Q

pigmented layer

A

single layer of cells
pigment absorbs light and prevents scattering
phagocytes, photoreceptor cell renewal
store vitamin A for photoreceptor cells

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13
Q

neural layer

A

direct role in vision

1) photoreceptors (sense light)
2) signal bipolar cells
3) signal ganglion cells (generate AP)

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14
Q

rods

A

light

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15
Q

cones

A

color

blue, green, red cones

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16
Q

how many photoreceptors?

A

250 million

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17
Q

optic disc

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye

where brain fills in blind spot

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18
Q

macula lutea

A

lateral to optic disc

center is called fovea centralis, only contains cones

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19
Q

Cone density decreases away from fovea

A

Rod density increases away from fovea, so rods dominate the periphery
don’t look directly dim star if you want to see it!

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20
Q

Clouding of the lens

A

cataracts

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21
Q

Divides eye
Biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular
Changes shape to allow our eyes to focus near or far
anucleate cells

A

lens

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22
Q

aqueous humor

A

Fluid similar to blood plasma that fills anterior segment

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23
Q

drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, it can cause high intraocular pressure, compressing retina & optic nerve

A

glaucoma

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24
Q

vitreous humor

A

“Jelly” in posterior segment
Transmits light; provides support; intraocular pressure
born with it

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25
Q

Cornea =.> Aqueous humor =>Lens =>Vitreous humor =>Entire neural layer of retina to reach photoreceptors

A

light pathway

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26
Q

light refracted 3 times

A

enters cornea
enters lens
leaves lens

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27
Q

lens

A

image upside-down and left-right reversed

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28
Q

accomodation

A

lens changes shape to focus on near objects

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29
Q

presbyopia

A

lens is non-accommodating, why older people have to read text at arm’s length

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30
Q

nearsightedness or farsightedness is not due to lens problem, it is…

A

misshapen eyeball

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31
Q

myopia=nearsighted

A

hyperopia=farsightedness

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32
Q

optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells in retinal neural layer

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33
Q

phototransduction

A

hyperpolarization serves as the activation signal, rather than depolarization

34
Q

optic chiasma

A

Fibers from medial aspect of each eye cross over, and now fibers belong to optic tracts

35
Q

Each carries information from same half of visual field

Left optic tract contains info for right half of visual field and vice versa

A

optic tracts

36
Q

Primary visual cortex fuses image from each eye to create…

A

depth perception

37
Q

panoramic vision

A

the hunted

38
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

Organ of smell
Pseudostratified epithelium
Poorly located at roof of nasal cavity (air doesn’t easily get to it)

39
Q

olfactory sensory neurons

A

regenerate (30-60 days)

40
Q

we have about (blank) smell genes

A

400

41
Q

Each sensory neuron only expresses…

A

one type of odor receptor protein

42
Q

fungiform papillae

A

About 10,000 taste buds

Mostly located on tongue mushroom-shaped

43
Q

taste cells

A

Gustatory epithelial cells

44
Q

each cell can only taste one type of taste, but each bud has…

A

all of them

45
Q

Long microvilli that serve as the sensitive portion of the cell that contains membrane receptors; extend through taste pore to epithelial surface

A

gustatory hairs

46
Q

Stem cells replace gustatory epithelial cells 7-10 days

A

basal epithelial cells

47
Q

6 taste sensations

A 
Sweet
salty
sour
bitter
umami
(maybe) fat
48
Q

taste is 80% smell

A

yes

49
Q

MSG

A

umami flavor

50
Q

bitter

A

warning taste

51
Q

wine tasting is…

A

snobbish nonsense

52
Q

hearing only

A

external and middle ear

53
Q

hearing and equilibrium balance

A

internal ear

54
Q

cerumen

A

earwax

55
Q

ceruminous glands

A

Sebaceous glands and modified apocrine sweat glands

56
Q

timpanic membrane

A

transmits energy to bones of middle ear

57
Q

know hammer, anvil stirrup on slide 22

A

yes

58
Q

links middle ear to nasopharynx (upper throat)

A

pharyngotympanic tube

59
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 smallest bones in body

Transmit vibration of eardrum to oval window, which sets fluids of internal ear into motion

60
Q

internal ear

A

bony labyrinth
perilymph (similar to CSF)
sac (membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph, similar to potassium rich fluid)

61
Q

3 regions of bony labyrinth

A

vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea

62
Q

vestibule and semicircular canals

A

vestibular apparatus

63
Q

Spiral-shaped and size of a split pea
3 chambers
Cochlear duct (middle chamber) contains the spiral organ (hearing receptors)
Spiral organ rests on top of basilar membrane, which plays key role (unique structure)

A

cochlea

64
Q

(division of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)) transmits impulses to brain

A

cochlear nerve (hearing)

65
Q

sound

A

Pressure disturbance; alternating high and low pressure regions

66
Q

frequency

A

of waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time

67
Q

amplitude

A

Height of wave; represents differences in pressure; related to energy
Higher amplitude = more energy = louder sound

68
Q

resonance

A

Maximum movement at a particular frequency

69
Q

basilar membrane

A

responds to different frequencies of sound

70
Q

microvilli in ear

A

stereocilia, moved by basilar membrane

71
Q

membrane on top of hair cells

A

moved one way is depolarized, moved other way is repolarized

72
Q

hearing pathway

A

Sound (vibration in air)=>Eardrum=>Auditory ossicles=>Internal ear fluids=>Membranes=>Hair cells=>Neurons=>Signal to brain

73
Q

How do we perceive loudness?

A

more frequent AP’s

74
Q

How do we perceive pitch?

A

spot on basilar membrane

75
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

maculae and cristae ampullares

76
Q

maculae

A

in vestibule
linear acceleration and position of head compared to gravity
two sacs called saccule and utricule

77
Q

cristae ampullares

A

detect rotation of head
each semicirc canal oriented in one of 3 planes of space
respond to changes in velocity (not airplane)

78
Q

hairs embedded in

A

otolith membrane, which moves

79
Q

otoliths

A

CAC03 cover membrane, increase inertia

80
Q

in crista ampullaris

A

Gelled mass that contains hair cells rotational movement (ampullary cupula)

81
Q

(division of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)) transmits impulses to brain

A

vestibular nerve

Anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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