Biochemistry

Question 1

chirality

Answer 1

handedness

Question 2

ET can’t be silicon

Answer 2

silicon loves oxygen
no chirality
silicon-silicon bonds are weak
doesn’t like to form rings or other compound structures
more abundant on earth, but life is carbon anyway

Question 3

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 3

polymers/macromolecules

Question 4

lipids are macromolecules, but not

Answer 4

polymers

Question 5

dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

glucose + fructose = sucrose

Question 6

C: H: O ratio

Answer 6

1:2:1

Question 7

monosaccharide examples

Answer 7

glucose
fructose
galactose
deoxyribose
ribose

Question 8

disaccharide examples

Answer 8

sucrose
maltose
lactose

Question 9

2 reasons why polysaccharides different from mono and disaccharides

Answer 9

insoluble

don’t taste sweet

Question 10

plant polysaccharides made of…

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

storage of glucose

Answer 11

starch

Question 12

Plant cell wall (structural); “fiber”

Answer 12

cellulose

Question 13

Animal polysaccharides made of…

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

Storage of glucose (liver, muscle)

Answer 14

glycogen

Question 15

3 main liquids

Answer 15

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 16

4 functions of liquid

Answer 16

Store energy
Insulate/protect body organs
Build cell membranes
Hormones (or hormone-like)

Question 17

Also called “fats” (solid) or “oils” (liquid)

Answer 17

triglycerides

Question 18

triglycerides made of…

Answer 18

Made of fatty acids (long carbon chains) and glycerol Different fatty acids give triglycerides different properties

Question 19

triglyceride function

Answer 19

stored energy

Protect organs

Question 20

phospholipids are different from triglycerides in that they have…

Answer 20

2 fatty acids

polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail

Question 21

build cell membranes

Answer 21

phospholipids

Question 22

steroids dissimilar from other lipids

Answer 22

Four hydrocarbon rings

Question 23

most important steroid

Answer 23

cholesterol

Question 24

cholesterol

Answer 24

body produces ~80%

cell membrane fluidity

Question 25

cholesterol serves as a raw material for body to synthesize

Answer 25

Vitamin D steroid hormones (ex: sex hormones) bile salts

Question 26

Protein function: structural

Answer 26

support and movement (fibrous)

Question 27

Protein function: functional

Answer 27

everything else (globular)

Question 28

monomer: amino acid

Answer 28

protein: polymer

Question 29

formed by dehydration synthesis

Answer 29

proteins (peptide bonds)

Question 30

short protein chains

Answer 30

peptides or polypeptides

Question 31

protein's function determined by...

Answer 31

its structure

Question 32

protein loses its folding

Answer 32

denaturation

Question 33

denaturation occurs when...

Answer 33

temp, pH change

Question 34

denaturation affects all orders except...

Answer 34

primary structure

Question 35

How many levels of protein structure?

Answer 35

4

Question 36

Primary

Answer 36

linear sequence | beads on a necklace

Question 37

secondary

Answer 37

initial folding by h-bonds

Question 38

2 kinds of secondary

Answer 38

``` alpha helix (slinky) beta-pleated sheet (accordion) ```

Question 39

tertiary

Answer 39

more folding involves R group side chains 1) Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions 2) More covalent bonding (“disulfide bridge”) 3) More hydrogen bonding

Question 40

quaternary

Answer 40

2+ polypeptide chains

Question 41

in an H bond, H takes on a partially

Answer 41

positive charge, and others take on partially negative

Question 42

single most abundant protein in body

Answer 42

collagen

Question 43

keratin

Answer 43

hair and nails

Question 44

elastin

Answer 44

ligaments

Question 45

actin and myosin

Answer 45

contractile proteins

Question 46

6 functions of proteins

Answer 46

``` catalysis (enzymes) transport pH regulation metabolism regulation body defense protein management ```

Question 47

enzymes do what to activation energy

Answer 47

lower

Question 48

RNA function

Answer 48

Transmit and help express genetic information

Question 49

nucleotides

Answer 49

A,T, C, G

Question 50

review DNA/RNA slide

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

RNA

Answer 51

single helix U instead of T ribose instead of deoxyribose

Question 52

DNA found in...

Answer 52

nucleus

Question 53

RNA found in...

Answer 53

cytoplasm

Question 54

ATP

Answer 54

Food (e.g., glucose) is broken down, releasing energy | 3 phosphate groups, 2 have high energy bonds