The Frontal Lobes and the Hippocampus Flashcards
What NTs can help reorganize the cortex to pair associations?
- ACh
- NE
Where do the axons from the subiculum project to?
back to the entorhinal area
What area is lesioned to produce these results?
- inability to employ intention (goals)
- inability to modulate attention (task at hand) –>
- failure to switch attention appropriately (perseveration)
- OR requires environmental cues to accomplish tasks (environmental dependency)
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
The hippocampus is important for the creation and consolodation of memory, which critically involves _____.
sleep
The stimulation of the _____ causes a variety of autonomic and limbic responses, including changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, as well as vocalizations and facial expressions.
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
What is the perforant path?
entrorhinal cells –> dentate gyrus
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex projects to which part of the basal ganglia?
nucleus accumbens
What is the hippocampus’ role in memory?
- episodic memory
- spatial memory
The dentate gyrus and the hippocampus consist of _____ layers.
3
If the hippocampus builds the train tracks to connect the brain, the prefrontal cortex ______.
operates the track switches
What is the function of the hippocampus?
- episodic memory
- spatial memory
- searching for items
- associative networking
EEG signals in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) increase as ________.
attentional demands of task increase
The ventromedial (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex projects to which part of the basal ganglia?
the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
EEG signals in the ______ increase as attentional demands of task increase.
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
What does it mean that the hippocampus can undergo pattern completion?
it can use one fragment of information to retreive lots of related information (like Google)
The granule cells are the major cell type of the _____, while the pyramidal cells are the major cell type of the ______.
- granule = dentate gyrus
- pyramidal = hippocampus
What is the function of the ventromedial (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex?
- enhancement and inhibition of sensory inputs
- internal states (emotional control)
- motor control
What is the sensory-motor part of the basal ganglia?
the putamen
Where are grid cells located in the brain? What do they do?
- the entorhinal cortex
- allow understanding of your position in space –> form place fields
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) receives inputs from ____, ____, and ______ sources.
- olfactory
- gustatory
- visceral
The outputs of the ______ are to the premotor cortex and to the somatosensory association cortices.
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
The ____ is crucial for the formation of declarative or episodic memory (memory of facts or events).
hippocampus
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) receives inputs predominantly from somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortical association areas in the _______ lobes.
parietal, occipital, and temporal
The _____ cells project onto _____ cells via Schaeffer collaterals.
CA3 –> CA1
The CA3 cells project to the CA1 cells and also onto _____.
themselves and their neighbors (an autoassociative loop)
What does a lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) cause?
- inability to employ intention (goals)
- inability to modulate attention (task at hand) –>
- failure to switch attention appropriately (perseveration)
- OR requires environmental cues to accomplish tasks (environmental dependency)
The ______ receives inputs from olfactory, gustatory, and visceral sources.
the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex
Where are place cells located in the brain? What do they do?
- the hippocampus
- generate a map of spatial environments for navigation (an inner GPS)
The ______ receives inputs predominantly from somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortical association areas in the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Why is the hippocampus so good at generating associations among stimuli?
it uses LTP
Lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex usually cause?
- inability to estimate risk/reward associated with behaviors (poor Iowa gambling task performance)
- inadequate inhibition of aggression, sexual behavior, anxiety, and appetitive functions (socially inappropriate)
The hippocampus is important for the creation and _______ of memory, which critically involves sleep.
consolodation
What happens when the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is lesioned?
- abulia, or lack of will –> akinetic mutism (completely akinetic and mute in some cases)
- poor motivation
- apathy syndrome
The outputs of the DLPFC are to the _____ and to the ______.
premotor cortex; somatosensory association cortices
What is the hippocampal formation?
3 regions:
- the dentate gyrus
- the hippocampus (also known as Ammon’s Horn)
- the subiculum (the transition zone between the 3 layered hippocampus and the 6 layered entorhinal cortex)
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) projects to which part of the basal ganglia?
the caudate
The ______ cells are the major cell type of the dentate gyrus, while the _______ cells are the major cell type of the hippocampus.
- granule = dentate gyrus
- pyramidal = hippocampus
The _____ uses places, objects, face information, and temporal information to make memories and integrations.
hippocampus
The CA3 cells project onto CA1 cells via ______.
Schaeffer collaterals
What is the main input to the hippocampus?
the entorhinal area
What are the 3 divisions of the prefrontal cortex?
- dorsolateral (DLPFC)
- ventromedial (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex
- anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
The CA1 cells project onto the _____, which is the output of the hippocampus.
subiculum
What happens during sleep that makes memories independent of the hippocampus?
coordinate replay of the memory
The primary motor cortex (BAs 4) and the supplementary motor cortex (BA 6) project to which part of the basal ganglia?
the putamen
What area is lesioned to produce these results?
- abulia, or lack of will –> akinetic mutism (completely akinetic and mute in some cases)
- poor motivation
- apathy syndrome
the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
entrorhinal cells –> dentate gyrus –> _____
CA3 mossy fibers
What area is lesioned to produce these results?
- inability to estimate risk/reward associated with behaviors (poor Iowa gambling task performance)
- inadequate inhibition of aggression, sexual behavior, anxiety, and appetitive functions (socially inappropriate)
the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) receives inputs predominantly from ______ in the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortical association areas
The hippocampus integrates parallel streams of spatial and nonspatial information at the _____ cells.
CA3
There are two major inputs to the hippocampal formation: the _____ and the _____.
- the entorhinal cortex
- the septal nucleus
The ______ is active when you have a conflict in your attention and you need to make an effort to focus.
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) projects to which part of the basal ganglia?
both the caudate AND the nucleus accumbens
The ______ receives strong inputs from the basal amygdaloid complex and the parahippocampal cortices.
the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) aka orbitofrontal cortex
