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aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

granular vs agranular cortices

A
  • granular = sensory/afferent function- layer 4
  • agranular = motor (BA 4) and premotor cortex (BA 6) pyramidal layers; prominent function for output
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2
Q

The summation of electrical potential changes in the cerebral cortex occurs mainly at the vertically oriented _______.

A

pyramidal cells

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3
Q

What is feedforward relay of information?

A
  • passing info from layer 3 to the higher layers- up the chain
  • bottom up
  • observed responses to stimuli
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4
Q

If the layers of the cortex are analogous to an email system, what are layers 2/3, 4, and 5/6?

A
  • 2/3 = interoffice mail (relays)
  • 4 = inbox (pathways arrive here)
  • 5/6 = outbox (pathways leave via here- motor and thalamus)
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5
Q

Large ____ cells are most common in layers 5 and 6.

A

pyramidal

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6
Q

Recall from a previous lecture on the thalamus that rhythmic burst firing in the thalamus is prevalent during periods of _____, _____, and _____, and is thought to represent a temporary detachment of thalamic relay cells from their sensory inputs.

A
  • slow wave sleep
  • deep anesthesia
  • absence seizures
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7
Q

_____ depolarizes thalamic relay neurons but this inhibits the thalamic reticular nucleus.

A

ACh

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8
Q

Cholinergic agonists and antagonists can have significant effects seen on ______.

A

EEG rhythms

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9
Q

What is predictive coding?

A
  • compression of information into more simple form for storage
  • gives difference btw observation and expectation in feedforward vs feedback flow
  • basically only sending novel/unexpected information
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10
Q

Large pyramidal cells are most commonly found in layers _____.

A

5 and 6

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11
Q

The electroencephalogram measures electrical potential fluctuations at the scalp surface. These fluctuations of are produced mainly by ________ induced in neurons of the cerebral cortex.

A

temporal and spatial summation of electrical currents caused by EPSPs and IPSPs

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12
Q

Acetylcholine acts to open the thalamocortical gate to sensory information, consistent with its known effects on _____ and ______.

A

attention and arousal

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13
Q

synchrony

A
  • the idea that neurons firing in close proximity will induce each other to synchronize their activity
  • individual neurons have variable responses, but as a group the information is greater, more accurate, and gives the bigger picture
  • neurons that oscillate together/fire together, wire together!
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14
Q

_______ acts to open the thalamocortical gate to sensory information, consistent with its known effects on attention and arousal.

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

______ cells of the reticular formation release thalamic cells from the rhythmic calcium spikes that generate the sleep rhyhms/spindles.

A

Cholinergic

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16
Q

Ach depolarizes ______ but this inhibits the ______.

A
  • depolarizes = thalamic relay neurons
  • inhibits = thalamic reticular nucleus
17
Q

Cholinergic cells of the reticular formation release thalamic cells from the ______ that generate the sleep rhyhms/spindles.

A

rhythmic calcium spikes

18
Q

____ are critical for the balance of cerebral cortex activity.

A

GABA-ergic neurons

19
Q

______ cells are concentrated in layer 4 of the cortex.

A

Granular

20
Q

The primary visual cortex has a large layer ____. Why?

A

4 because there’s so much sensory information coming into the eyes!

21
Q

Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation converts the _____ rhythms of sleep into the _____ activity of wakefulness (with behavioral correlate of wakefulness in the animal).

A
  • slow oscillatory = sleep
  • fast = awake
22
Q

Stimulation of the _______ converts the slow oscillatory rhythms of sleep into the fast activity of wakefulness (with behavioral correlate of wakefulness in the animal).

A

brainstem reticular formation

23
Q

Granular cells are concentrated in layer ___ of the cortex.

A

4

24
Q

What is feedback flow of information?

A
  • from the top-down- layers 2, 5, 6 to layers 1, 5, 6
  • feedback- the response
25
Q

Inhibitory interneurons make up _____% of all the cells in the cerebral cortex.

A

20%

26
Q

______ make up 20% of all the cells in the cerebral cortex.

A

Inhibitory interneurons

27
Q

The characteristic frequency bands or ranges of the EEG are? What physiology do they each correlate with?

  • Delta: ?
  • Theta: ?
  • Alpha: ?
  • Beta: ?
  • Gamma: ?
A
  • Delta: below 3.5Hz (slow wave sleep, deepest non-REM sleep, sleepwalking, bedwetting, night terrors here)
  • Theta: 4-7.5 Hz (sleep onset/light sleep, inhibition of elicited responses)
  • Alpha: 8-13 Hz (awake/waking up, eyes closed, coma)
  • Beta: 14-30 Hz (awake, alert, active thinking, focus AND REM sleep)
  • Gamma: 30-100 Hz (cross-modal sensory processing)
  • *** BATs Drink Blood = from awake –> sleep
28
Q
  1. Identify the basic classification of EEG rhythms, and their rough correspondence to different behavioral states.
A
  • Delta: below 3.5Hz (slow wave sleep, deepest non-REM sleep, sleepwalking, bedwetting, night terrors here)
  • Theta: 4-7.5 Hz (sleep onset/light sleep, inhibition of elicited responses)
  • Alpha: 8-13 Hz (awake/waking up, eyes closed, coma)
  • Beta: 14-30 Hz (awake, alert, active thinking, focus AND REM sleep)
  • Gamma: 30-100 Hz (cross-modal sensory processing)
  • *** BATs Drink Blood = the order from awake –> sleep
29
Q

Recall from a previous lecture on the thalamus that rhythmic burst firing in the thalamus is prevalent during periods of slow wave sleep, deep anesthesia, or absence seizures, and is thought to represent ______.

A

a temporary detachment of thalamic relay cells from their sensory inputs

30
Q

Distinct patterns of oscillation implies that a large number of neurons in a given location are experiencing simultaneous depolarization alternating with hyperpolarization, which is to say their activity is ______.

A

synchronized

31
Q

How many layers are in the neocortex?

A

6 layers

aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's (37 decks)

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