Neuro Review- First Aid- pg 456-461 Flashcards
- S/s: nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension
- Lesion location: ?
Broca’s area
- s/s: intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance, ipsilateral defects, fall towards side of lesion
- Lesion location: ?
cerebellar hemisphere
What does a lesion to the cerebellar hemisphere result in?
- intention tremor
- limb ataxia
- loss of balance
- ipsilateral defects
- fall towards side of lesion
- “hemispheres are laterally located- affect lateral limbs”
- s/s: truncal ataxia; dysarthria
- Lesion location: ?
cerebellar vermis
Where is Wernicke’s area? What does a Wernicke’s area lesion cause?
- superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe
- fluent aphasia, impaired comprehension and repetition
- “Wernicke’s is Wordy but makes no sense. Wernicke’s = what?”
central pontine myelinolysis
- overly rapid correction of hyponatremia –> osmotic forces and edema –> massive demyelination in pontine white matter tracts
- acute paralysis
- dysarthria
- dysphagia
- diplopia
- LOC
- s/s: disinhibition; poor concentration, orientation, and judgement; reemergence of primitive reflexes
- lesion location: ?
frontal lobe
What does a lesion to the left parietal-temporal cortex result in?
- agraphia (can’t write)
- acalculia (can’t do simple math)
- finger agnosia (can’t name/ID each digit)
- left-right disorientation
- “Gerstmann syndrome”
What does a lesion to the subthalamic nucleus result in?
contralateral hemiballismus (limb flailing)
What does a lesion to the amygdala (bilateral) result in? What can cause this?
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibition)
- associated with HSV-1
What does a lesion to the frontal eye fields result in?
eyes look towards the lesion
Dx?
- nonfluent aphasia
- impaired comprehension
- damage to both Broca’s AND Wernicke’s area
global aphasia
What does a lesion to the right parietal-temporal cortex result in?
spatial neglect syndrome
What does a lesion of Wernicke’s area cause in each hemisphere?
- dominant (usually left) = aphasia
- nondominant (usually right) = hemineglect
- s/s: Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibition)
- Lesion location: ?
amygdala (bilateral)
Dx?
- poor repetition
- fluent speech
- intact comprehension
- damage to left superior temporal lobe and/or left supramarginal gyrus
- *** can’t repeat phrases such as “no if, ands, or buts”
conduction aphasia
- s/s: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation (making up stories and memories, but not lying bc there’s no intent), personality changes; thiamine (B1) deficiency
- Lesion location: ?
mammillary bodies (bilateral)
Where is Broca’s area? What does a Broca’s area lesion cause?
- inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe
- nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension
- “Broca Broken Boca”
What is global aphasia? What causes it?
- nonfluent aphasia
- impaired comprehension
- damage to both Broca’s AND Wernicke’s area
- S/s: nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
- Lesion location: ?
both Broca’s AND Wernicke’s area
Dx?
- overly rapid correction of hyponatremia –> osmotic forces and edema –> massive demyelination in pontine white matter tracts
- acute paralysis
- dysarthria
- dysphagia
- diplopia
- LOC
central pontine myelinolysis
- s/s: tremor at rest; chorea; athetosis (slow, writhing mvmts); Parkinson’s disease
- Lesion location: ?
basal ganglia
What is conduction aphasia? What causes it?
- poor repetition
- fluent speech
- intact comprehension
- damage to left superior temporal lobe and/or left supramarginal gyrus
- *** can’t repeat phrases such as “no if, ands, or buts”
What does a lesion to the reticular activating system (RAS-midbrain) result in?
reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (coma)
- S/s: fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension and repetition
- Lesion location: ?
Wernicke’s area
What does a lesion to the frontal lobe result in?
- disinhibition
- poor concentration
- poor orientation
- poor judgement
- reemergence of primitive reflexes
- s/s: eyes look away from side of lesion
- Lesion location: ?
paramedian pontine reticular formation
- s/s: eyes look towards the lesion
- Lesion location: ?
frontal eye fields
What does a lesion to the mammillary bodies (bilateral) result in?
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia)
- confabulation (production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive –> not lying bc it’s not purposeful)
- personality changes
- thiamine (B1) deficiency
What does a lesion to the paramedian pontine reticular formation result in?
eyes look away from side of lesion
- s/s: contralateral hemiballismus (limb flailing)
- Lesion location: ?
subthalamic nucleus
- s/s: anterograde amnesia; inability to make new memories
- Lesion location: ?
hippocampus (bilateral)
- s/s: reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (coma)
- lesion location: ?
reticular activating system (RAS- midbrain)
- s/s: spatial neglect syndrome
- lesion location: ?
right parietal-temporal cortex
What does a lesion to the hippocampus (bilateral) result in?
- anterograde amnesia
- inability to make new memories
- s/s: agraphia (can’t write); acalculia (can’t do simple math); finger agnosia (can’t name/ID each digit); left-right disorientation –> Gerstmann syndrome
- lesion location: ?
left parietal-temporal cortex
What does a lesion to the cerebellar vermis result in?
- truncal ataxia
- dysarthria
- “vermis is centrally located- affects central body”
What does a lesion to the basal ganglia result in?
- tremor at rest
- chorea
- athetosis (slow, writhing mvmts)
- Parkinson’s disease
