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aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's > Neuro Review- First Aid- pg 462-465 > Flashcards

Neuro Review- First Aid- pg 462-465 Flashcards

1
Q

3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle via?

A

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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2
Q

lateral ventricle –> 3rd ventricle via?

A

foramen of Monro

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3
Q

Dx?

  • acute blockage of vessels –> disruption of blood flow –> ischemia –> liquefactive necrosis
  • 3 types:
    • thrombotic (clot in MCS from atherosclerotic plaque)
    • emobilic (cardioembolic)
    • hypoxic (hypoperfusion/hypoxemia during CV surgery)
  • tx = tPA if no hemorrhage
  • risk reduction = aspirin, clopidogrel, BP control, blood sugar and lipid control, treat risky conditions like a-fib
A

ischemic stroke

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4
Q

Dx:

  • rupture of bridging veins
  • elderly, alcoholics, blunt trauma, shaken baby
  • crescent-shaped
  • crosses suture lines
  • midline shift
A

subdural hematoma

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5
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A
  • brief, reversible episode of focal neuro dysfunction
  • lasts less than 24hrs
  • negative MRI findings
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6
Q

What are the 2 general types of hydrocephalus?

A
  • communicating (nonobstructive)
  • noncommunicating (obstructive)
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7
Q

subdural hematoma

A
  • rupture of bridging veins
  • elderly, alcoholics, blunt trauma, shaken baby
  • crescent-shaped
  • crosses suture lines
  • midline shift
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8
Q

UMN or LMN signs?

  • weakness
  • hyperreflexivity
  • increased tone
    • Babinski
  • spastic paralysis
  • clasp knife spasticity
A

UMN

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9
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

the internal jugular vein

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10
Q

intraparenchymal (hypertensive) hemorrhage

A
  • cause = systemic HTN, amyloid, vasculitis, neoplasm
  • often in basal ganglia and internal capsule
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11
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • due to HTN, anticoagulation, CA
  • 2a to ischemic stroke followed by reperfusion (bc vessels are rigid)
  • often at basal ganglia
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12
Q

UMN lesions signs?

A
  • weakness
  • hyperreflexivity
  • increased tone
    • Babinski
  • spastic paralysis
  • clasp knife spasticity
  • *** Upper MN = everything UP (tone, DTRs, toes)
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13
Q

4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space via?

A

foramen of Luschka = lateral foramen of Magendie = medial

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14
Q

What are the types of communicating hydrocephalus?

A
  • communicating hydrocephalus (decreased CSF absorption –> increased ICP, papilledema, herniation)
  • normal pressure hydrocephalus (expansion of ventricles –> distorted fibers of corona radiate –> urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction)
  • hydrocephalus ex vacuo (increased CSF appearance but ICP is normal- due to decreased neural tissue from atrophy)
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15
Q

CSF is made by ____ cells of the _____.

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

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16
Q

Dx?

  • increased CSF appearance but ICP is normal
  • due to decreased neural tissue from atrophy
  • ex: Alzheimer’s, advanced HIV, Pick disease
A

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

17
Q

What is noncommunicating hydrocephalus?

A
  • obstructive- blockage of CSF circulation
  • ex: stenosis of cerebral aqueduct
18
Q

In the descending lateral corticospinal tract, the legs are _____.

A

lateral (Lumbosacral/Legs are Lateral)

19
Q

Dx?

  • brain bleed
  • cause = systemic HTN, amyloid, vasculitis, neoplasm
  • often at basal ganglia and internal capsule
A

intraparenchymal (hypertensive) hemorrhage

20
Q

Dx?

  • rupture of middle meningeal artery (from maxillary a)
  • usu. 2a to temporal fracture
  • lucid interval
  • can cause herniations
  • lens-shaped
A

epidural hematoma

21
Q

Dx?

  • obstructive- blockage of CSF circulation
  • ex: stenosis of cerebral aqueduct
A

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

22
Q

For lumbar punctures: To keep the cord alive, keep the needle between _____.

A

L3-L5

23
Q

LMN lesions signs?

A
  • weakness
  • atrophy
  • fasciculations
  • hyporeflexia
  • decreased tone
  • flaccid paralysis
  • *** Lower MN = everything lowered (less muscle mass, decreased tone, decreased DTRs, downgoing toes)
24
Q

Dx?

  • brain bleed due to HTN, anticoagulation, CA
  • 2a to ischemic stroke followed by reperfusion (bc vessels are rigid)
  • often at basal ganglia
A

hemorrhagic stroke

25
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A
  • dorsal column
  • lower body, legs- more medial
26
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by ____ and then drains into _____.

A

arachnoid granulations; dural venous sinuses

27
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A
  • dorsal column
  • upper body, arms - more lateral
28
Q

Dx?

  • brief, reversible episode of focal neuro dysfunction
  • lasts less than 24hrs
  • negative MRI findings
A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

29
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • rupture of middle meningeal artery (from maxillary a)
  • usu. 2a to temporal fracture
  • lucid interval
  • can cross falx and tentorium
  • lens-shaped
30
Q

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A
  • increased CSF appearance but ICP is normal
  • due to decreased neural tissue from atrophy
  • ex: Alzheimer’s, advanced HIV, Pick disease
31
Q

Dx?

  • rupture of an aneurism or an AVM
  • “worst headache of my life”
  • bloody or yellow spinal tap
  • risk of vasospasm- treat with nimodipine
  • fast timecourse
A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

32
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

expansion of ventricles –> distort fibers of corona radiata –> triad of urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction (wet, wobbly, wacky)

33
Q

UMN or LMN signs?

  • weakness
  • atrophy
  • fasciculations
  • hyporeflexia
  • decreased tone
  • flaccid paralysis
A

LMN

34
Q

Dx?

expansion of ventricles –> distort fibers of corona radiata –> triad of urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction (wet, wobbly, wacky)

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

35
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • rupture of an aneurism or an AVM
  • “worst headache of my life”
  • bloody or yellow spinal tap
  • risk of vasospasm- treat with nimodipine
  • fast timecourse
36
Q

ischemic stroke

A
  • acute blockage of vessels –> disruption of blood flow –> ischemia –> liquefactive necrosis
  • 3 types:
    • thrombotic (clot in MCS from atherosclerotic plaque)
    • emobilic (cardioembolic)
    • hypoxic (hypoperfusion/hypoxemia during CV surgery)
  • tx = tPA if no hemorrhage
  • risk reduction = aspirin, clopidogrel, BP control, blood sugar and lipid control, treat risky conditions like a-fib

aNeuro exam 4: Lindsey's (37 decks)

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