The Cell Cycle and Cell Division Flashcards
What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
The main stages of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and M phase.
What does the G1 phase of the cell cycle involve?
The G1 phase involves cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
True or False: DNA replication occurs during the G1 phase.
False
What is the primary function of the S phase?
The primary function of the S phase is DNA synthesis or replication.
Fill in the blank: The G2 phase prepares the cell for _____ division.
mitotic
What key processes occur during the G2 phase?
During the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and produces proteins necessary for mitosis.
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the division of the nucleus?
M phase (mitosis)
What are the sub-stages of the M phase?
The sub-stages of the M phase are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
True or False: Cytokinesis is part of the M phase.
True
What happens during prophase?
During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
What occurs during metaphase?
During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate.
What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart toward opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.
What happens in telophase?
In telophase, the chromosomes de-condense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
Fill in the blank: The cell cycle is regulated by _____ proteins.
cyclin
What is the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Checkpoints ensure that the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase and can prevent errors.
What is the significance of the G0 phase?
The G0 phase is a resting or quiescent state where cells are not actively dividing.
True or False: Cells can remain in the G0 phase indefinitely.
True
What triggers the transition from G1 to S phase?
The transition is triggered by specific growth factors and the presence of adequate nutrients.
What is the outcome of the cell cycle?
The outcome of the cell cycle is the production of two genetically identical daughter cells.
Multiple choice: Which phase is primarily focused on DNA repair? A) G1 B) S C) G2 D) M
C) G2
What happens to the cell size during the G1 phase?
The cell size increases during the G1 phase.
Fill in the blank: The _____ checkpoint checks for DNA damage before the cell enters mitosis.
G2
How is the M phase different from interphase?
The M phase is the period of cell division, while interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division.
What is the role of mitotic spindle in cell division?
The mitotic spindle helps segregate chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis.
True or False: The S phase is essential for ensuring genetic continuity.
True
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
How many phases are there in mitosis?
There are four main phases in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
True or False: Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
True
What happens during prophase?
During prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
Fill in the blank: In metaphase, chromosomes align at the __________.
metaphase plate
What key event occurs in anaphase?
In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.
What is the main function of the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle is responsible for separating the chromosomes during cell division.
True or False: Telophase is the final phase of mitosis.
True
What happens during telophase?
During telophase, the chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle disassembles.
What is cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the process that follows mitosis, dividing the cytoplasm of the parent cell into two daughter cells.
In which phase do the chromosomes become most visible?
Chromosomes become most visible during prophase.
What structure forms during prophase to help with chromosome movement?
The mitotic spindle forms during prophase.
Fill in the blank: Sister chromatids are held together at a region called the __________.
centromere
What is the significance of the metaphase checkpoint?
The metaphase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding to anaphase.
True or False: Chromosomes are replicated during mitosis.
False
What occurs during the G2 phase before mitosis begins?
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by checking for DNA damage and ensuring all DNA is replicated.
What happens if a cell fails the metaphase checkpoint?
If a cell fails the metaphase checkpoint, it may undergo apoptosis or be halted in the cell cycle.
Fill in the blank: Mitosis is followed by __________, which completes the cell division process.
cytokinesis
What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in mitosis?
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the progression of the cell cycle and mitosis.
Name the phase where the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Prophase
What is the outcome of mitosis?
The outcome of mitosis is two genetically identical daughter cells.
True or False: Mitosis occurs in all types of cells.
False
What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse gametes.
What happens to the spindle fibers during telophase?
The spindle fibers disassemble during telophase.
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells, a cell plate forms to separate the two new cells.
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types.
What is the main characteristic of stem cells?
Their ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types.
True or False: Stem cells can only be found in embryos.
False
What are the two main types of stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Fill in the blank: Embryonic stem cells are derived from __________.
the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
What type of stem cells are found in bone marrow?
Adult stem cells.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of stem cell? A) Totipotent B) Pluripotent C) Monopotent D) Multipotent
C) Monopotent
What are totipotent stem cells?
Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of cell, including placental cells.
True or False: Pluripotent stem cells can only become certain types of cells.
False
What are multipotent stem cells?
Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue.
Fill in the blank: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are created by reprogramming __________ cells.
somatic
What is the significance of induced pluripotent stem cells?
They can be generated from adult cells and have similar properties to embryonic stem cells.
Multiple Choice: Which type of stem cell is capable of forming any cell type in the body? A) Adult stem cells B) Pluripotent stem cells C) Totipotent stem cells D) Multipotent stem cells
C) Totipotent stem cells
True or False: Adult stem cells are more limited in their differentiation potential compared to embryonic stem cells.
True
What is a key ethical concern regarding embryonic stem cells?
The destruction of embryos during the extraction process.
Fill in the blank: Hematopoietic stem cells are an example of __________ stem cells.
multipotent
What are mesenchymal stem cells?
Multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including bone, cartilage, and fat cells.
Multiple Choice: Which type of stem cell is often used for regenerative medicine? A) Totipotent B) Pluripotent C) Adult D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the role of stem cells in development?
They give rise to all the specialized cells that form tissues and organs.
True or False: Stem cell therapy is currently a widely accepted treatment for many diseases.
False
What is the potential of stem cells in medicine?
They have the potential to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Fill in the blank: The use of stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues is known as __________.
regenerative medicine
What are neural stem cells?
Stem cells that can differentiate into neurons and glial cells in the nervous system.
Multiple Choice: Which type of stem cell can give rise to all cell types in the body except for placental cells? A) Totipotent B) Pluripotent C) Multipotent D) Unipotent
B) Pluripotent
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are typically multipotent.
What is cell division?
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
What is apoptosis?
A programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells.
True or False: Maintaining a balance between cell division and apoptosis is crucial for tissue homeostasis.
True
What can result from excessive cell division?
Tumor formation or cancer.
What can result from excessive apoptosis?
Degenerative diseases and tissue loss.
Fill in the blank: The balance between cell division and apoptosis is essential for __________.
normal development and maintenance of tissues.
What role does apoptosis play in development?
It removes unnecessary cells during embryonic development.
Define the term ‘tissue homeostasis’.
The stable state of cell numbers and function within a tissue.
Which process is typically increased in cancerous tissues: cell division or apoptosis?
Cell division.
True or False: Apoptosis can be triggered by external signals.
True.
What is one key factor that regulates apoptosis?
Bcl-2 family proteins.
Name one mechanism through which cell division is regulated.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
What is the consequence of a disrupted balance between cell division and apoptosis?
It can lead to diseases such as cancer or neurodegenerative disorders.
Fill in the blank: The __________ pathway is a major signaling pathway that regulates both cell division and apoptosis.
PI3K/Akt.
What is the role of p53 in cell regulation?
It acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
True or False: All cells undergo apoptosis at some point in their lifespan.
True.
What is a hallmark of cancer related to cell division?
Sustaining proliferative signaling.
What type of cell death is characterized by cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation?
Apoptosis.
Name a disease associated with excessive apoptosis.
Alzheimer’s disease.
What is necrosis?
A form of uncontrolled cell death resulting from injury or disease.
True or False: Apoptosis is a chaotic process.
False; it is a highly regulated process.
What happens to the cellular components during apoptosis?
They are packaged into apoptotic bodies and cleared by phagocytes.
Fill in the blank: The balance between cell division and apoptosis is especially critical in __________ tissues.
rapidly renewing.
What is one potential therapeutic approach targeting cancer related to apoptosis?
Enhancing apoptotic pathways to induce cancer cell death.
What is the main difference between apoptosis and autophagy?
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while autophagy is a survival mechanism that removes damaged organelles.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells.
True or False: Meiosis occurs in somatic cells.
False: Meiosis occurs in germ cells.
What are the two main stages of meiosis?
The two main stages of meiosis are meiosis I and meiosis II.
Fill in the blank: Meiosis results in _____ cells.
four haploid
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
Crossing over increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
During which phase does synapsis occur?
Synapsis occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a phase of meiosis I? A) Prophase I B) Metaphase I C) Anaphase II D) Telophase I
C) Anaphase II
What is the outcome of meiosis II?
Meiosis II results in the separation of sister chromatids, producing four haploid daughter cells.
True or False: Each daughter cell produced by meiosis is genetically identical to the parent cell.
False: Each daughter cell is genetically unique.
What is the role of spindle fibers during meiosis?
Spindle fibers help to separate chromosomes and sister chromatids during cell division.
Fill in the blank: Meiosis involves _____ rounds of division.
two
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?
Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two sets.
Multiple Choice: Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the alignment of tetrads at the cell’s equatorial plate? A) Prophase II B) Metaphase I C) Anaphase I D) Telophase II
B) Metaphase I
What are gametes?
Gametes are the reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) produced by meiosis.
True or False: Meiosis contributes to genetic variation in a population.
True
What is independent assortment?
Independent assortment is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis.
Fill in the blank: The process of _____ occurs during prophase I and leads to genetic recombination.
crossing over
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Multiple Choice: At the end of meiosis I, how many chromosomes are present in each daughter cell compared to the original cell? A) Same number B) Half the number C) Double the number D) None of the above
B) Half the number
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
The main purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
True or False: Meiosis results in two diploid cells.
False: Meiosis results in four haploid cells.
What is a tetrad?
A tetrad is a structure containing four chromatids formed during prophase I when homologous chromosomes pair up.
Fill in the blank: The _____ phase of meiosis II is similar to mitosis.
metaphase
What are the two types of gametes produced in humans?
Sperm and eggs.
Multiple Choice: Which stage of meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids? A) Prophase II B) Metaphase II C) Anaphase II D) Telophase II
C) Anaphase II
What is the final result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
The final result is four cells, each with half the original number of chromosomes.
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
To produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
What is the primary purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes.
True or False: Mitosis results in four daughter cells.
False
How many stages are there in meiosis?
There are two stages: meiosis I and meiosis II.
What is the term for the exchange of genetic material during meiosis?
Crossing over.
Fill in the blank: Mitosis occurs in _____ cells.
somatic
Fill in the blank: Meiosis occurs in _____ cells.
germ
Multiple choice: Which process includes two rounds of cell division?
Meiosis
What type of cells are produced by mitosis?
Diploid cells.
What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
Haploid cells.
True or False: Mitosis includes homologous chromosome pairing.
False
What is the result of meiosis I?
Two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes.
What is the result of meiosis II?
Four haploid cells with single chromosomes.
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell’s equator?
Metaphase.
In which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I.
True or False: Both mitosis and meiosis involve DNA replication.
True
What is the term for the genetic variation produced by meiosis?
Genetic recombination.
Multiple choice: Which process is essential for sexual reproduction?
Meiosis
What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division?
To help separate chromosomes.
Fill in the blank: In mitosis, the daughter cells are _____ to the parent cell.
identical
Fill in the blank: In meiosis, the daughter cells are _____ to each other.
genetically diverse
What phase of meiosis is characterized by the formation of tetrads?
Prophase I.
What is the significance of independent assortment in meiosis?
It increases genetic diversity.
True or False: Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
True
How many chromosomes does a human gamete contain?
23 chromosomes.
What is the main difference between anaphase in mitosis and anaphase in meiosis?
In mitosis, sister chromatids separate; in meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate.
Multiple choice: Which of the following processes results in genetic diversity?
Meiosis
