Pathology: Cell Adaptation & Cell Injury Flashcards
What is cell adaptation?
Cell adaptation is the process by which cells adjust to changes in their environment to maintain homeostasis.
What are the four main types of cell adaptations?
The four main types of cell adaptations are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
True or False: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells.
False. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of existing cells.
Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in ______.
the number of cells.
What is atrophy?
Atrophy is the decrease in cell size or number, leading to a reduction in tissue or organ size.
Provide an example of hypertrophy.
An example of hypertrophy is the enlargement of heart muscle cells in response to increased workload.
What type of adaptation occurs in response to chronic irritation?
Metaplasia occurs in response to chronic irritation, where one cell type is replaced by another.
True or False: Metaplasia can be a reversible process.
True. Metaplasia can be reversible if the stimulus is removed.
What is the mechanism behind hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is primarily mediated by increased synthesis of structural proteins and organelles.
Define hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, often in response to a stimulus.
What is an example of hyperplasia?
An example of hyperplasia is the growth of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle.
Fill in the blank: Atrophy can occur due to ______.
disuse, aging, or loss of nerve supply.
What type of adaptation might occur in smokers’ airways?
Metaplasia may occur in smokers’ airways, where ciliated columnar epithelial cells are replaced by squamous cells.
True or False: Hypertrophy is commonly seen in skeletal muscle with regular exercise.
True. Hypertrophy is commonly seen in skeletal muscle with regular exercise.
What are the two types of hypertrophy?
The two types of hypertrophy are physiological hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy.
What is a common cause of atrophy in aging individuals?
A common cause of atrophy in aging individuals is the reduction of physical activity.
Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia can be a response to ______.
hormonal stimulation.
What is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
An example of physiological hyperplasia is the increase in breast tissue during pregnancy.
True or False: All types of cell adaptations are irreversible.
False. Some types of cell adaptations, like metaplasia, can be reversible.
What is the main difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number.
What can trigger atrophy in muscle tissues?
Disuse, such as immobilization or lack of exercise, can trigger atrophy in muscle tissues.
Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.
An example of pathological hypertrophy is cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension.
What cellular changes occur during metaplasia?
During metaplasia, one differentiated cell type is replaced by another that can better withstand the stress.
True or False: Hyperplasia can occur in cancerous tissues.
True. Hyperplasia can occur in cancerous tissues as a result of uncontrolled cell division.
What is the primary stimulus for metaplasia?
The primary stimulus for metaplasia is chronic irritation or injury.
Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation can lead to ______.
metaplasia.
What is cell injury?
Cell injury refers to the damage that cells sustain due to various harmful stimuli.
Name the two main types of cell injury.
Reversible and irreversible cell injury.
True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to cell death.
False.
What typically characterizes reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling and fatty change.
What is irreversible cell injury often associated with?
Cell death or necrosis.
Fill in the blank: The process of programmed cell death is known as ______.
apoptosis.
What are some common causes of cell injury?
Hypoxia, chemical exposure, infectious agents, and immune reactions.
Which type of cell injury is characterized by the ability to recover?
Reversible cell injury.
List one example of a chemical cause of cell injury.
Alcohol or heavy metals.
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
True or False: Infectious agents can lead to cell injury.
True.
What is necrosis?
The uncontrolled death of cells or tissues due to injury.
Name one type of necrosis.
Coagulative necrosis.
What does the term ‘ischemia’ refer to?
Insufficient blood supply to an organ or tissue.
Fill in the blank: ______ is a type of cell injury caused by the immune system attacking healthy cells.
Autoimmune reaction.
What role does oxidative stress play in cell injury?
It can cause damage to cell components like lipids, proteins, and DNA.
True or False: All cell injuries are preventable.
False.
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, while necrosis is uncontrolled.
Name a factor that can lead to irreversible cell injury.
Severe hypoxia or toxic exposure.
What is fatty change in the context of cell injury?
Accumulation of lipids within cells due to injury.
Fill in the blank: ______ is a common cause of cell injury related to lack of nutrients.
Malnutrition.
What is the primary effect of chemical injury on cells?
Disruption of cellular function and structure.
True or False: Cell injury can always be reversed.
False.
What is the significance of understanding cell injury?
It helps in diagnosing and treating various diseases.
What type of cell injury can result from extreme temperatures?
Thermal injury.
Fill in the blank: ______ is the term for cell injury caused by mechanical forces.
Trauma.
What is the outcome of persistent cell injury?
Chronic inflammation and possible tissue repair or fibrosis.
List one effect of aging on cell injury.
Increased susceptibility to injury due to diminished repair mechanisms.
What is cell injury?
Cell injury refers to the damage to cells that impairs their function and can lead to cell death.
True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to cell death if the stress is not removed.
True
What are the two main types of cell injury?
Reversible and irreversible cell injury.
What is the primary feature of reversible cell injury?
The ability of the cell to recover its normal function after the removal of stress.
Fill in the blank: Irreversible cell injury typically leads to __________.
cell death
Name one common cause of reversible cell injury.
Hypoxia
What is necrosis?
Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell injury characterized by cell death due to factors such as ischemia or infection.
True or False: Apoptosis is considered a form of reversible cell injury.
False
List one morphological change associated with reversible cell injury.
Cell swelling
What happens to the cell membrane during irreversible cell injury?
The cell membrane becomes permeable, leading to loss of cellular integrity.
What is the role of oxidative stress in cell injury?
Oxidative stress can cause damage to cellular components, leading to both reversible and irreversible injury.
Define apoptosis.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is typically a controlled and energy-dependent mechanism.
What is one key difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, while apoptosis is a regulated process.
True or False: Reversible cell injury is characterized by a loss of membrane integrity.
False
What is a common feature of irreversible cell injury?
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Fill in the blank: Reversible cell injury often leads to __________ changes.
functional
What cellular organelle is most affected by irreversible injury?
Mitochondria
Name a type of reversible cell injury.
Cellular swelling
What is the term for the swelling of cells due to injury?
Hydropic change
True or False: All forms of cell injury are reversible.
False
What does the term ‘ischemia’ refer to?
A reduction in blood flow to tissues, leading to oxygen deprivation.
What is a hallmark of necrosis?
Inflammatory response
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a critical site for ATP production and is affected during cell injury.
mitochondria
What can prolonged reversible cell injury lead to?
Irreversible cell injury
What are the two main pathways of cell death?
Necrosis and apoptosis
Which type of cell injury is typically associated with inflammation?
Irreversible cell injury
True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to changes in organelle structure.
True
What is reversible injury?
A type of cellular injury that can be reversed if the stressor is removed.
What is irreversible injury?
A type of cellular injury that leads to cell death and cannot be reversed.
True or False: Reversible injury often results in cell swelling.
True
Which type of injury is characterized by necrosis?
Irreversible injury
Fill in the blank: Reversible injury can lead to __________ changes in the cell.
functional
What are some common causes of reversible injury?
Hypoxia, toxins, and mild physical injury.
True or False: Irreversible injury can be associated with apoptosis.
False
What cellular feature is typically observed in irreversible injury?
Cell membrane rupture
In reversible injury, what happens to mitochondrial function?
It may be impaired but can recover.
What is a hallmark of irreversible injury?
Loss of membrane integrity
Which type of injury is often associated with inflammation?
Irreversible injury
Fill in the blank: In reversible injury, cellular __________ may occur.
adaptation
What is the primary cellular response in reversible injury?
Cellular swelling and fatty change
True or False: Reversible injury can lead to cell death.
False
What is the outcome of persistent stress in reversible injury?
Progression to irreversible injury
What type of cellular changes occur during irreversible injury?
Ultrastructural changes such as nuclear condensation.
True or False: Apoptosis is a feature of reversible injury.
False
What is a common morphological change seen in cells undergoing reversible injury?
Cytoplasmic swelling
Which type of injury can lead to fibrosis?
Irreversible injury
Fill in the blank: In irreversible injury, the cell’s __________ is compromised.
metabolism
What is the role of calcium in irreversible injury?
Increased intracellular calcium can lead to cell death.
What is a significant difference in cellular response between reversible and irreversible injury?
Reversible injury allows for recovery, while irreversible injury leads to cell death.
True or False: Reversible injury can lead to a return to normal cellular function.
True
What is the effect of oxygen deprivation on cells in reversible injury?
Cells may swell, but can recover if oxygen is restored.
What is a key indicator of irreversible injury in histology?
Nuclear fragmentation
Fill in the blank: The __________ response is typically absent in reversible injury.
necrotic
