Pathology: Cell Adaptation & Cell Injury

Question 1

What is cell adaptation?

Answer 1

Cell adaptation is the process by which cells adjust to changes in their environment to maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

What are the four main types of cell adaptations?

Answer 2

The four main types of cell adaptations are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.

Question 3

True or False: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells.

Answer 3

False. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of existing cells.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in ______.

Answer 4

the number of cells.

Question 5

What is atrophy?

Answer 5

Atrophy is the decrease in cell size or number, leading to a reduction in tissue or organ size.

Question 6

Provide an example of hypertrophy.

Answer 6

An example of hypertrophy is the enlargement of heart muscle cells in response to increased workload.

Question 7

What type of adaptation occurs in response to chronic irritation?

Answer 7

Metaplasia occurs in response to chronic irritation, where one cell type is replaced by another.

Question 8

True or False: Metaplasia can be a reversible process.

Answer 8

True. Metaplasia can be reversible if the stimulus is removed.

Question 9

What is the mechanism behind hypertrophy?

Answer 9

Hypertrophy is primarily mediated by increased synthesis of structural proteins and organelles.

Question 10

Define hyperplasia.

Answer 10

Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, often in response to a stimulus.

Question 11

What is an example of hyperplasia?

Answer 11

An example of hyperplasia is the growth of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: Atrophy can occur due to ______.

Answer 12

disuse, aging, or loss of nerve supply.

Question 13

What type of adaptation might occur in smokers’ airways?

Answer 13

Metaplasia may occur in smokers’ airways, where ciliated columnar epithelial cells are replaced by squamous cells.

Question 14

True or False: Hypertrophy is commonly seen in skeletal muscle with regular exercise.

Answer 14

True. Hypertrophy is commonly seen in skeletal muscle with regular exercise.

Question 15

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

Answer 15

The two types of hypertrophy are physiological hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy.

Question 16

What is a common cause of atrophy in aging individuals?

Answer 16

A common cause of atrophy in aging individuals is the reduction of physical activity.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia can be a response to ______.

Answer 17

hormonal stimulation.

Question 18

What is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 18

An example of physiological hyperplasia is the increase in breast tissue during pregnancy.

Question 19

True or False: All types of cell adaptations are irreversible.

Answer 19

False. Some types of cell adaptations, like metaplasia, can be reversible.

Question 20

What is the main difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 20

Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number.

Question 21

What can trigger atrophy in muscle tissues?

Answer 21

Disuse, such as immobilization or lack of exercise, can trigger atrophy in muscle tissues.

Question 22

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.

Answer 22

An example of pathological hypertrophy is cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension.

Question 23

What cellular changes occur during metaplasia?

Answer 23

During metaplasia, one differentiated cell type is replaced by another that can better withstand the stress.

Question 24

True or False: Hyperplasia can occur in cancerous tissues.

Answer 24

True. Hyperplasia can occur in cancerous tissues as a result of uncontrolled cell division.

Question 25

What is the primary stimulus for metaplasia?

Answer 25

The primary stimulus for metaplasia is chronic irritation or injury.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation can lead to ______.

Answer 26

metaplasia.

Question 27

What is cell injury?

Answer 27

Cell injury refers to the damage that cells sustain due to various harmful stimuli.

Question 28

Name the two main types of cell injury.

Answer 28

Reversible and irreversible cell injury.

Question 29

True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to cell death.

Answer 29

False.

Question 30

What typically characterizes reversible cell injury?

Answer 30

Cellular swelling and fatty change.

Question 31

What is irreversible cell injury often associated with?

Answer 31

Cell death or necrosis.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The process of programmed cell death is known as ______.

Answer 32

apoptosis.

Question 33

What are some common causes of cell injury?

Answer 33

Hypoxia, chemical exposure, infectious agents, and immune reactions.

Question 34

Which type of cell injury is characterized by the ability to recover?

Answer 34

Reversible cell injury.

Question 35

List one example of a chemical cause of cell injury.

Answer 35

Alcohol or heavy metals.

Question 36

What is hypoxia?

Answer 36

A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.

Question 37

True or False: Infectious agents can lead to cell injury.

Answer 37

True.

Question 38

What is necrosis?

Answer 38

The uncontrolled death of cells or tissues due to injury.

Question 39

Name one type of necrosis.

Answer 39

Coagulative necrosis.

Question 40

What does the term 'ischemia' refer to?

Answer 40

Insufficient blood supply to an organ or tissue.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: ______ is a type of cell injury caused by the immune system attacking healthy cells.

Answer 41

Autoimmune reaction.

Question 42

What role does oxidative stress play in cell injury?

Answer 42

It can cause damage to cell components like lipids, proteins, and DNA.

Question 43

True or False: All cell injuries are preventable.

Answer 43

False.

Question 44

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 44

Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, while necrosis is uncontrolled.

Question 45

Name a factor that can lead to irreversible cell injury.

Answer 45

Severe hypoxia or toxic exposure.

Question 46

What is fatty change in the context of cell injury?

Answer 46

Accumulation of lipids within cells due to injury.

Question 47

Fill in the blank: ______ is a common cause of cell injury related to lack of nutrients.

Answer 47

Malnutrition.

Question 48

What is the primary effect of chemical injury on cells?

Answer 48

Disruption of cellular function and structure.

Question 49

True or False: Cell injury can always be reversed.

Answer 49

False.

Question 50

What is the significance of understanding cell injury?

Answer 50

It helps in diagnosing and treating various diseases.

Question 51

What type of cell injury can result from extreme temperatures?

Answer 51

Thermal injury.

Question 52

Fill in the blank: ______ is the term for cell injury caused by mechanical forces.

Answer 52

Trauma.

Question 53

What is the outcome of persistent cell injury?

Answer 53

Chronic inflammation and possible tissue repair or fibrosis.

Question 54

List one effect of aging on cell injury.

Answer 54

Increased susceptibility to injury due to diminished repair mechanisms.

Question 55

What is cell injury?

Answer 55

Cell injury refers to the damage to cells that impairs their function and can lead to cell death.

Question 56

True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to cell death if the stress is not removed.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

What are the two main types of cell injury?

Answer 57

Reversible and irreversible cell injury.

Question 58

What is the primary feature of reversible cell injury?

Answer 58

The ability of the cell to recover its normal function after the removal of stress.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: Irreversible cell injury typically leads to __________.

Answer 59

cell death

Question 60

Name one common cause of reversible cell injury.

Answer 60

Hypoxia

Question 61

What is necrosis?

Answer 61

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell injury characterized by cell death due to factors such as ischemia or infection.

Question 62

True or False: Apoptosis is considered a form of reversible cell injury.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

List one morphological change associated with reversible cell injury.

Answer 63

Cell swelling

Question 64

What happens to the cell membrane during irreversible cell injury?

Answer 64

The cell membrane becomes permeable, leading to loss of cellular integrity.

Question 65

What is the role of oxidative stress in cell injury?

Answer 65

Oxidative stress can cause damage to cellular components, leading to both reversible and irreversible injury.

Question 66

Define apoptosis.

Answer 66

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is typically a controlled and energy-dependent mechanism.

Question 67

What is one key difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 67

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, while apoptosis is a regulated process.

Question 68

True or False: Reversible cell injury is characterized by a loss of membrane integrity.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

What is a common feature of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 69

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 70

Fill in the blank: Reversible cell injury often leads to __________ changes.

Answer 70

functional

Question 71

What cellular organelle is most affected by irreversible injury?

Answer 71

Mitochondria

Question 72

Name a type of reversible cell injury.

Answer 72

Cellular swelling

Question 73

What is the term for the swelling of cells due to injury?

Answer 73

Hydropic change

Question 74

True or False: All forms of cell injury are reversible.

Answer 74

False

Question 75

What does the term 'ischemia' refer to?

Answer 75

A reduction in blood flow to tissues, leading to oxygen deprivation.

Question 76

What is a hallmark of necrosis?

Answer 76

Inflammatory response

Question 77

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a critical site for ATP production and is affected during cell injury.

Answer 77

mitochondria

Question 78

What can prolonged reversible cell injury lead to?

Answer 78

Irreversible cell injury

Question 79

What are the two main pathways of cell death?

Answer 79

Necrosis and apoptosis

Question 80

Which type of cell injury is typically associated with inflammation?

Answer 80

Irreversible cell injury

Question 81

True or False: Reversible cell injury can lead to changes in organelle structure.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

What is reversible injury?

Answer 82

A type of cellular injury that can be reversed if the stressor is removed.

Question 83

What is irreversible injury?

Answer 83

A type of cellular injury that leads to cell death and cannot be reversed.

Question 84

True or False: Reversible injury often results in cell swelling.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

Which type of injury is characterized by necrosis?

Answer 85

Irreversible injury

Question 86

Fill in the blank: Reversible injury can lead to __________ changes in the cell.

Answer 86

functional

Question 87

What are some common causes of reversible injury?

Answer 87

Hypoxia, toxins, and mild physical injury.

Question 88

True or False: Irreversible injury can be associated with apoptosis.

Answer 88

False

Question 89

What cellular feature is typically observed in irreversible injury?

Answer 89

Cell membrane rupture

Question 90

In reversible injury, what happens to mitochondrial function?

Answer 90

It may be impaired but can recover.

Question 91

What is a hallmark of irreversible injury?

Answer 91

Loss of membrane integrity

Question 92

Which type of injury is often associated with inflammation?

Answer 92

Irreversible injury

Question 93

Fill in the blank: In reversible injury, cellular __________ may occur.

Answer 93

adaptation

Question 94

What is the primary cellular response in reversible injury?

Answer 94

Cellular swelling and fatty change

Question 95

True or False: Reversible injury can lead to cell death.

Answer 95

False

Question 96

What is the outcome of persistent stress in reversible injury?

Answer 96

Progression to irreversible injury

Question 97

What type of cellular changes occur during irreversible injury?

Answer 97

Ultrastructural changes such as nuclear condensation.

Question 98

True or False: Apoptosis is a feature of reversible injury.

Answer 98

False

Question 99

What is a common morphological change seen in cells undergoing reversible injury?

Answer 99

Cytoplasmic swelling

Question 100

Which type of injury can lead to fibrosis?

Answer 100

Irreversible injury

Question 101

Fill in the blank: In irreversible injury, the cell's __________ is compromised.

Answer 101

metabolism

Question 102

What is the role of calcium in irreversible injury?

Answer 102

Increased intracellular calcium can lead to cell death.

Question 103

What is a significant difference in cellular response between reversible and irreversible injury?

Answer 103

Reversible injury allows for recovery, while irreversible injury leads to cell death.

Question 104

True or False: Reversible injury can lead to a return to normal cellular function.

Answer 104

True

Question 105

What is the effect of oxygen deprivation on cells in reversible injury?

Answer 105

Cells may swell, but can recover if oxygen is restored.

Question 106

What is a key indicator of irreversible injury in histology?

Answer 106

Nuclear fragmentation

Question 107

Fill in the blank: The __________ response is typically absent in reversible injury.

Answer 107

necrotic