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Irreversible Cell Injury > Chronic inflammation and Wound Healing > Flashcards

Chronic inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

A prolonged inflammatory response that can last for months or years.

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2
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation often results from __________.

A

persistent infections, prolonged exposure to irritants, or autoimmune diseases.

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4
Q

What are the key cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.

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5
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a feature of chronic inflammation? A) Tissue destruction B) Repair processes C) Neutrophil infiltration D) Fibrosis

A

C) Neutrophil infiltration

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6
Q

What role do macrophages play in chronic inflammation?

A

They phagocytose pathogens and debris, secrete cytokines, and promote tissue repair.

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7
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas.

A

True

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8
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A localized collection of macrophages that transform into epithelioid cells, often surrounded by lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of __________ is a hallmark of chronic inflammation and involves the accumulation of connective tissue.

A

fibrosis

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation? A) IL-1 B) IL-4 C) TNF-alpha D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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11
Q

What are the morphological features of chronic inflammation?

A

Mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue destruction, and attempts at healing (fibrosis and angiogenesis).

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12
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation is always associated with symptoms such as pain and redness.

A

False

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation can lead to __________, which is the abnormal growth of tissue.

A

neoplasia

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14
Q

What is the significance of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response and help in the regulation of inflammation.

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is associated with chronic inflammation? A) Rheumatoid arthritis B) Acute appendicitis C) Asthma D) Both A and C

A

D) Both A and C

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16
Q

What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?

A

They produce antibodies in response to persistent antigens.

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17
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue repair and regeneration.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The term __________ refers to the process by which new blood vessels form during chronic inflammation.

A

angiogenesis

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19
Q

What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation is a short-term response with neutrophil predominance, while chronic inflammation is a prolonged response with mononuclear cell predominance.

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which chronic inflammatory disease is characterized by the formation of granulomas in the lungs? A) Sarcoidosis B) Tuberculosis C) Both A and B D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

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21
Q

What can chronic inflammation lead to in terms of disease progression?

A

It can contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

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22
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation is typically self-limiting and resolves on its own.

A

False

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23
Q

What is the primary goal of treatment for chronic inflammation?

A

To reduce inflammation and address the underlying cause.

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24
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

A type of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas.

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25
Q

True or False: Granulomas are composed primarily of lymphocytes.

A

False, granulomas are primarily composed of macrophages and epithelioid cells.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Granulomas are formed in response to __________.

A

persistent irritants or pathogens.

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27
Q

What is the primary cell type found in granulomas?

A

Macrophages.

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28
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of granulomas? A) Epithelioid cells B) Necrosis C) Fibrosis D) Neutrophils

A

D) Neutrophils.

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29
Q

What type of necrosis is often associated with granulomatous inflammation?

A

Caseous necrosis.

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30
Q

True or False: Granulomas can be found in both infectious and non-infectious conditions.

A

True.

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31
Q

What is the appearance of epithelioid cells in granulomas?

A

They have a plump, epithelial-like appearance with abundant cytoplasm.

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32
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is commonly associated with granulomatous inflammation? A) Tuberculosis B) Hypertension C) Diabetes D) Osteoarthritis

A

A) Tuberculosis.

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33
Q

What is the role of giant cells in granulomatous inflammation?

A

They help to encapsulate and eliminate pathogens or irritants.

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: Granulomatous inflammation is typically a response to ________ stimuli.

A

chronic.

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35
Q

What type of immune response is primarily involved in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Cell-mediated immune response.

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36
Q

True or False: Granulomas are always a sign of active infection.

A

False, they can also occur due to non-infectious causes.

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37
Q

What is the typical histological feature of a granuloma?

A

A central area of necrosis surrounded by macrophages and lymphocytes.

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38
Q

Multiple Choice: Granulomatous inflammation can be caused by which of the following? A) Bacterial infections B) Fungal infections C) Foreign bodies D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above.

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39
Q

What is the significance of the Langhans giant cell in granulomatous inflammation?

A

It indicates a specific type of macrophage fusion associated with certain infections like tuberculosis.

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: Granulomas can lead to __________ if they persist.

A

tissue destruction.

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41
Q

What is the primary purpose of forming a granuloma?

A

To wall off and contain an offending agent.

42
Q

True or False: Granulomatous inflammation is always visible in imaging studies.

A

False, it may not always be detectable.

43
Q

What kind of cells surround the necrotic center of a granuloma?

A

Epithelioid macrophages.

44
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common non-infectious cause of granulomatous inflammation? A) Sarcoidosis B) Appendicitis C) Asthma D) Anemia

A

A) Sarcoidosis.

45
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a non-caseating granuloma?

A

Lack of central necrosis.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Granulomas can be classified as __________ or __________.

A

caseating; non-caseating.

47
Q

What is a common diagnostic tool used to identify granulomatous inflammation?

48
Q

True or False: Granulomas can only occur in the lungs.

A

False, they can occur in various tissues throughout the body.

49
Q

Pathogenesis of chronic Inflammation

A
  1. Persistent Infection
  2. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
  3. Autoimmune reactions
  4. Recurrent acute inflammation
50
Q

Morphological Features of Chronic Inflammation

A
  1. Cellular Infiltrate ( Predominance of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
  2. Tissue destruction: Ongoing damage due to inflammatory mediators
  3. Repair: Attempts at healing through fibrosis and angiogenesis
  4. Granulation Tissue Formation: New blood vessels and fibroblasts
  5. Fibrosis: Excessive collagen deposition leading to scarring
51
Q

What is the primary factor affecting wound healing?

A

Oxygen supply

52
Q

True or False: Age can negatively impact wound healing.

53
Q

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis in wound healing?

54
Q

Fill in the blank: _________ is a common complication that can delay wound healing.

55
Q

What role does moisture play in wound healing?

A

Moisture promotes faster healing and reduces scarring.

56
Q

Name a systemic condition that can impair wound healing.

A

Diabetes mellitus

57
Q

True or False: Smoking can enhance wound healing.

58
Q

What is the term for the abnormal healing process that leads to excessive scar formation?

A

Hypertrophic scarring

59
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can be a local factor affecting wound healing? A) Nutrition B) Temperature C) Infection D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

60
Q

How does poor nutrition affect wound healing?

A

It can lead to decreased collagen formation and delayed healing.

61
Q

What is the impact of corticosteroids on wound healing?

A

Corticosteroids can impair the inflammatory response and delay healing.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic ________ can lead to impaired wound healing.

63
Q

True or False: Adequate hydration is important for optimal wound healing.

64
Q

Which type of wound healing is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue?

A

Secondary intention

65
Q

What is one psychological factor that can influence wound healing?

66
Q

Name a common surgical complication that can affect wound healing.

A

Dehiscence

67
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of these factors is NOT a local factor affecting wound healing? A) Infection B) Blood supply C) Age D) Moisture

68
Q

What is the significance of adequate blood supply in wound healing?

A

It provides necessary nutrients and oxygen to the healing tissue.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: _________ can lead to an increased risk of wound infection.

A

Poor hygiene

70
Q

True or False: Anemia can delay wound healing.

71
Q

What is the role of growth factors in wound healing?

A

They stimulate cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.

72
Q

Name one type of chronic wound that may not heal properly.

A

Pressure ulcer

73
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a factor that can enhance wound healing? A) Adequate nutrition B) Smoking C) Infection D) Stress

A

A) Adequate nutrition

74
Q

What is the term for the healing process that occurs without scarring?

A

Primary intention

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of ________ can lead to delayed wound healing.

A

Foreign bodies

76
Q

True or False: The use of antibiotics can always improve wound healing.

77
Q

What is one environmental factor that can affect wound healing?

A

Temperature

78
Q

What are the four main stages of wound healing?

A

Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodeling.

79
Q

True or False: Hemostasis is the first stage of wound healing.

80
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ stage involves the formation of a blood clot.

A

Hemostasis

81
Q

What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory stage?

A

To prevent infection and prepare the wound for healing.

82
Q

During which stage does new tissue formation occur?

A

Proliferation stage.

83
Q

What type of cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory phase?

A

White blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages.

84
Q

True or False: The remodeling stage can last for years.

85
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts in the wound healing process?

A

Fibroblasts produce collagen and extracellular matrix, aiding in tissue repair.

86
Q

Multiple Choice: Which stage follows the inflammatory stage? A) Hemostasis B) Proliferation C) Remodeling

A

B) Proliferation.

87
Q

What is the main characteristic of the remodeling stage?

A

Collagen fibers reorganize and strengthen, improving tissue integrity.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ stage is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

A

Inflammatory

89
Q

During which stage does angiogenesis occur?

A

Proliferation stage.

90
Q

True or False: Scar tissue is stronger than normal tissue.

91
Q

What is the significance of granulation tissue?

A

Granulation tissue provides a temporary matrix for new tissue formation.

92
Q

Multiple Choice: Which factor can negatively affect wound healing? A) Adequate nutrition B) Infection C) Proper hydration

A

B) Infection.

93
Q

What is the typical duration of the inflammatory phase?

A

Typically lasts 3 to 5 days.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the process of new blood vessel formation.

A

Angiogenesis

95
Q

What type of tissue is formed during the proliferation stage?

A

Granulation tissue.

96
Q

True or False: The remodeling phase involves the breakdown of collagen.

97
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts in wound healing?

A

Myofibroblasts contract the wound edges, aiding in closure.

98
Q

Multiple Choice: Which stage is the longest in the wound healing process? A) Hemostasis B) Inflammation C) Remodeling

A

C) Remodeling.

99
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ phase is crucial for preventing infection.

A

Inflammatory

100
Q

What role do growth factors play in wound healing?

A

They stimulate cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.

101
Q

True or False: Wound healing is a linear process with no overlapping stages.

102
Q

What is the primary goal of wound healing?

A

To restore the integrity of the skin and underlying tissues.

Irreversible Cell Injury (21 decks)

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