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Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic that is effective against a limited range of bacteria.

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2
Q

What is a broad-spectrum antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of bacteria.

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3
Q

True or False: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics can treat infections caused by multiple types of bacteria.

A

False

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4
Q

Give an example of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.

A

Penicillin

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5
Q

Give an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A

Tetracycline

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6
Q

What is one advantage of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A

They minimize disruption to the normal flora of the body.

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7
Q

What is one disadvantage of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

They can lead to antibiotic resistance and disrupt normal flora.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are typically used when the specific ________ is known.

A

pathogen

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed when the specific ________ is unknown.

A

infection

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10
Q

True or False: Broad-spectrum antibiotics are always the first choice for treatment.

A

False

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11
Q

What is the primary goal of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A

To target specific bacteria causing an infection.

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12
Q

In what situations are broad-spectrum antibiotics commonly used?

A

In cases of polymicrobial infections or when the causative organism is unknown.

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13
Q

What is the risk associated with overusing broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Increased risk of developing antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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14
Q

Which type of antibiotic is more likely to cause superinfections?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

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15
Q

What method is often used to determine the specific bacteria causing an infection?

A

Culture and sensitivity testing

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16
Q

True or False: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics can be used for viral infections.

A

False

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17
Q

What type of bacteria can broad-spectrum antibiotics target?

A

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics is often guided by ________ results.

A

laboratory

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19
Q

What is the role of pharmacodynamics in choosing antibiotics?

A

It helps determine the effectiveness of the antibiotic against specific bacteria.

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20
Q

True or False: All antibiotics have a narrow or broad-spectrum classification.

A

True

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21
Q

What should be monitored when using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Signs of antibiotic resistance and side effects.

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22
Q

Which antibiotic type is generally preferred for treating a known bacterial infection?

A

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

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23
Q

What is the importance of antibiotic stewardship?

A

To ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics and minimize resistance.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are often less likely to disrupt ________ health.

A

gut

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25
Q

What is one reason to use broad-spectrum antibiotics initially?

A

To quickly control a severe or life-threatening infection while awaiting lab results.

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26
Q

What is the primary function of antibiotics?

A

To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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27
Q

Which family of antibiotics includes penicillin?

A

Beta-lactams.

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28
Q

True or False: Tetracyclines are effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

A

True.

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29
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

A

They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: Macrolides primarily target __________.

A

bacterial protein synthesis.

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31
Q

Which class of antibiotics is known for its broad-spectrum activity?

A

Carbapenems.

32
Q

What is the mode of action of fluoroquinolones?

A

They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

33
Q

Which antibiotics are known to disrupt cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams and glycopeptides.

34
Q

True or False: Sulfonamides inhibit folic acid synthesis.

35
Q

What type of bacteria are vancomycin and teicoplanin effective against?

A

Gram-positive bacteria.

36
Q

Which family of antibiotics includes drugs like ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin?

A

Fluoroquinolones.

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for chloramphenicol?

A

It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: Lincosamides, such as clindamycin, are primarily used to treat __________ infections.

A

Gram-positive bacterial.

39
Q

Which antibiotic class is known for its potential to cause nephrotoxicity?

A

Aminoglycosides.

40
Q

True or False: Oxazolidinones are effective against multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

41
Q

What is the primary action of beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

They inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.

42
Q

Which antibiotic family includes drugs like amoxicillin and methicillin?

A

Penicillins.

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?

A

It inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are used as a last resort against resistant Gram-positive infections.

A

Glycopeptides.

45
Q

Which class of antibiotics is often used to treat respiratory tract infections?

A

Macrolides.

46
Q

True or False: Streptogramins are effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

47
Q

What is the main target of tetracyclines in bacteria?

A

The 30S ribosomal subunit.

48
Q

Which antibiotic family does daptomycin belong to?

A

Lipopeptides.

49
Q

What is the primary use of polymyxins?

A

To treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ antibiotics are known to interfere with nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Fluoroquinolone.

51
Q

Which class of antibiotics can cause photosensitivity as a side effect?

A

Tetracyclines.

52
Q

What is beta lactamase?

A

Beta lactamase is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that provides resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

53
Q

True or False: Beta lactamase breaks down the structure of beta-lactam antibiotics.

54
Q

What role does beta lactamase play in antibiotic resistance?

A

Beta lactamase contributes to antibiotic resistance by inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics, making them ineffective.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Beta lactamase is a type of __________.

56
Q

Which class of antibiotics is primarily affected by beta lactamase?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

57
Q

What is the significance of bacteria producing beta lactamase in clinical settings?

A

It poses a challenge for treatment, leading to therapeutic failures and increased morbidity.

58
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following antibiotics is commonly targeted by beta lactamase? A) Penicillin B) Tetracycline C) Macrolides D) Aminoglycosides

A

A) Penicillin

59
Q

True or False: All bacteria produce beta lactamase.

60
Q

What are the two main types of beta lactamases?

A

Class A and Class B beta lactamases.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of beta lactamase in bacteria can lead to __________ of infections.

A

treatment failure

62
Q

What is one method used to detect beta lactamase production in bacteria?

A

The use of specific substrates that change color when broken down by beta lactamase.

63
Q

Multiple Choice: Which bacterial species is known for producing extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)? A) Escherichia coli B) Streptococcus pneumoniae C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Clostridium difficile

A

A) Escherichia coli

64
Q

What is the impact of beta lactamase on public health?

A

It leads to increased healthcare costs and the need for more expensive or toxic alternative treatments.

65
Q

True or False: Beta lactamase can be plasmid-mediated.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ can inhibit the activity of beta lactamase.

A

Beta lactamase inhibitors

67
Q

What are some examples of beta lactamase inhibitors?

A

Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam.

68
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a beta lactam antibiotic? A) Amoxicillin B) Ceftriaxone C) Vancomycin D) Meropenem

A

C) Vancomycin

69
Q

What is the relationship between beta lactamase and multidrug-resistant bacteria?

A

Beta lactamase production is often associated with multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

70
Q

True or False: Inhibiting beta lactamase can restore the effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics.

71
Q

What genetic mechanisms allow for the spread of beta lactamase genes among bacteria?

A

Horizontal gene transfer, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

72
Q

What is the clinical relevance of class C beta lactamases?

A

They confer resistance to cephalosporins, complicating treatment options.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: The emergence of __________ beta lactamases poses a significant threat to public health.

A

carbapenemase-producing

74
Q

What strategies can be employed to combat beta lactamase production?

A

Developing new antibiotics, using combination therapy, and implementing strict infection control measures.

75
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the term ‘ESBL’? A) Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase B) Early Stage Beta-Lactamase C) Enhanced-Sensitivity Beta-Lactamase D) None of the above

A

A) Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase

Irreversible Cell Injury (31 decks)

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