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Irreversible Cell Injury > Describe the pathogenesis of different types of Necrosis > Flashcards

Describe the pathogenesis of different types of Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Fat Necrosis, Fibrinoid necrosis, Gangrenous necrosis

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of cell injury

A

Reversible cell injury, Irreversible cell injury

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3
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the basic tissue architecture despite cell death.

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4
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs in response to ischemia or infarction.

A

True

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5
Q

In which organ is coagulative necrosis most commonly observed?

A

Heart

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often associated with _____ injuries.

A

Hypoxic

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7
Q

What histological feature is characteristic of coagulative necrosis?

A

Loss of cellular detail with preservation of tissue architecture.

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8
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a cause of coagulative necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Bacterial infection C) Severe hypoxia D) Chemical injury

A

B) Bacterial infection

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9
Q

What type of necrosis is coagulative necrosis commonly associated with?

A

Ischemic necrosis

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10
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to the formation of a scar.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the primary cellular change seen in coagulative necrosis?

A

Cellular swelling followed by cell death.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by _____ of proteins.

A

Denaturation

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13
Q

What is a common clinical example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the appearance of coagulative necrosis tissue? A) Soft and liquefied B) Firm and dry C) Caseous and cheese-like D) Hemorrhagic

A

B) Firm and dry

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15
Q

What type of staining is used to identify coagulative necrosis in histopathology?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin staining

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16
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis results in the formation of pus.

A

False

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17
Q

What is the role of inflammation in coagulative necrosis?

A

To clear necrotic tissue and initiate healing.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis typically results from _____ occlusion.

A

Vascular

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19
Q

What is the main difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue structure; liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid mass.

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can cause coagulative necrosis? A) Stroke B) Tuberculosis C) Bacterial infection D) All of the above

A

A) Stroke

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21
Q

What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis in the heart?

A

Fibrosis or scar formation

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22
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can occur in the brain.

A

False

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23
Q

What is the primary mechanism of cell death in coagulative necrosis?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis due to lack of blood supply.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often the result of _____ injury.

A

Hypoxic

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25
Q

What cellular components are primarily affected in coagulative necrosis?

A

Proteins and cell membranes.

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26
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key feature of coagulative necrosis? A) Liquefaction B) Caseation C) Firmness D) None of the above

A

C) Firmness

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27
Q

What is the typical timeline for the onset of coagulative necrosis after an ischemic event?

A

Minutes to hours

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28
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to chronic inflammation.

A

True

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29
Q

What is the primary definition of cell injury?

A

Cell injury refers to the damage or dysfunction of cells due to various harmful stimuli.

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30
Q

True or False: Cell injury can be reversible.

A

True

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31
Q

Name one major cause of cell injury.

A

Hypoxia

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32
Q

Which type of cell injury is characterized by a lack of oxygen?

A

Hypoxic injury

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ is a cause of cell injury due to physical trauma.

A

Mechanical injury

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34
Q

What effect do toxins have on cells?

A

Toxins can cause direct cellular damage and disrupt cellular functions.

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35
Q

True or False: Infections can lead to cell injury.

A

True

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36
Q

What is the term for cell injury caused by excessive heat?

A

Thermal injury

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37
Q

What type of cell injury is associated with inflammation?

A

Infectious injury

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38
Q

Name one type of chemical agent that can cause cell injury.

A

Alcohol or heavy metals

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39
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ injury occurs due to a lack of nutrients.

A

Nutritional injury

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40
Q

What role does oxidative stress play in cell injury?

A

Oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage through the production of reactive oxygen species.

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41
Q

True or False: Aging can influence the susceptibility of cells to injury.

A

True

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42
Q

Define apoptosis in the context of cell injury.

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death that can be triggered by cell injury.

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43
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Necrosis is the uncontrolled death of cells due to injury or disease.

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44
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ is a type of cell injury caused by radiation.

A

Radiation injury

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45
Q

What is the impact of toxins on cellular membranes?

A

Toxins can disrupt cellular membranes, leading to cell death.

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46
Q

True or False: All types of cell injury result in cell death.

A

False

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47
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Ischemia is a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to tissues, leading to cell injury.

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48
Q

Name one effect of mechanical injury on cells.

A

Cell lysis or rupture

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49
Q

What is the relationship between inflammation and cell injury?

A

Inflammation can cause further damage to cells and tissues.

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50
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ can result from metabolic disturbances leading to cell injury.

A

Metabolic injury

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51
Q

What type of injury can result from exposure to extreme cold?

A

Frostbite or cold injury

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52
Q

True or False: Cell injury can lead to adaptive responses.

A

True

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53
Q

What is the consequence of prolonged cell injury?

A

It can lead to irreversible cell damage and cell death.

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54
Q

Name a common infectious agent that can cause cell injury.

A

Bacteria or viruses

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55
Q

What is the significance of identifying the cause of cell injury?

A

Identifying the cause is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further damage.

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56
Q

Reversible cell injury features

A

Cellular swelling (cloudy swelling), Fatty Change, Plasma membrane blebbing, Mitochondrial swelling, Myelin figure formation

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57
Q

Irreversible cell injury features

A

Severe Mitochondria damage, Extensive damage to plasma membrane, Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), Cytoplasmic blebs rupture, Lysosomes rupture and release hydrolytic enzymes

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58
Q

What is the main difference between Reversible and Irreversible cell injury

A

(a) In Reversible injury the basic cell structure remains intact and can recover
(b) In Irreversible Injury, there is a breakdown of cellular organelles and membranes

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59
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the basic tissue architecture despite cell death.

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60
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs in response to ischemia or infarction.

A

True

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61
Q

In which organ is coagulative necrosis most commonly observed?

A

Heart

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62
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often associated with _____ injuries.

A

Hypoxic

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63
Q

What histological feature is characteristic of coagulative necrosis?

A

Loss of cellular detail with preservation of tissue architecture.

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64
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a cause of coagulative necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Bacterial infection C) Severe hypoxia D) Chemical injury

A

B) Bacterial infection

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65
Q

What type of necrosis is coagulative necrosis commonly associated with?

A

Ischemic necrosis

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66
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to the formation of a scar.

A

True

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67
Q

What is the primary cellular change seen in coagulative necrosis?

A

Cellular swelling followed by cell death.

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68
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by _____ of proteins.

A

Denaturation

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69
Q

What is a common clinical example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarction

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70
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the appearance of coagulative necrosis tissue? A) Soft and liquefied B) Firm and dry C) Caseous and cheese-like D) Hemorrhagic

A

B) Firm and dry

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71
Q

What type of staining is used to identify coagulative necrosis in histopathology?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin staining

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72
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis results in the formation of pus.

A

False

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73
Q

What is the role of inflammation in coagulative necrosis?

A

To clear necrotic tissue and initiate healing.

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74
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis typically results from _____ occlusion.

A

Vascular

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75
Q

What is the main difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue structure; liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid mass.

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76
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can cause coagulative necrosis? A) Stroke B) Tuberculosis C) Bacterial infection D) All of the above

A

A) Stroke

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77
Q

What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis in the heart?

A

Fibrosis or scar formation

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78
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can occur in the brain.

A

False

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79
Q

What is the primary mechanism of cell death in coagulative necrosis?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis due to lack of blood supply.

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80
Q

Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often the result of _____ injury.

A

Hypoxic

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81
Q

What cellular components are primarily affected in coagulative necrosis?

A

Proteins and cell membranes.

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82
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key feature of coagulative necrosis? A) Liquefaction B) Caseation C) Firmness D) None of the above

A

C) Firmness

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83
Q

What is the typical timeline for the onset of coagulative necrosis after an ischemic event?

A

Minutes to hours

84
Q

True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to chronic inflammation.

85
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

A type of tissue death where the affected tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass.

86
Q

True or False: Liquefactive necrosis primarily occurs in the brain.

87
Q

What is the primary cause of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Infection, particularly by bacteria that cause pus formation.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is often associated with ________ infections.

89
Q

Which type of cells are predominantly involved in liquefactive necrosis?

A

Neutrophils

90
Q

What is the hallmark feature of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Transformation of tissue into a liquid state.

91
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common location for liquefactive necrosis? A) Liver B) Heart C) Brain D) Lung

92
Q

True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can occur in response to ischemia.

93
Q

What is the outcome of liquefactive necrosis in the brain?

A

Formation of a cystic space filled with liquid.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of liquefactive necrosis often leads to the formation of ________.

95
Q

Which type of necrosis is characterized by the conversion of tissue into a liquid form due to enzymatic digestion?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

96
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following does NOT typically lead to liquefactive necrosis? A) Bacterial infection B) Ischemia C) Fungal infection D) Trauma

97
Q

What type of necrosis is associated with the formation of a brain abscess?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

98
Q

True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can be caused by both infections and hypoxic conditions.

99
Q

What is the role of macrophages in liquefactive necrosis?

A

They help in clearing the necrotic tissue and contributing to pus formation.

100
Q

Fill in the blank: In liquefactive necrosis, the dead tissue is primarily dissolved by ________ enzymes.

A

proteolytic

101
Q

What is the clinical significance of recognizing liquefactive necrosis?

A

It aids in diagnosing infections and understanding the extent of tissue damage.

102
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is most likely to cause liquefactive necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Stroke C) Tuberculosis D) Gangrene

A

C) Tuberculosis

103
Q

True or False: The liquefactive necrosis process is reversible.

104
Q

What does the presence of pus indicate in a tissue sample?

A

It suggests liquefactive necrosis.

105
Q

Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is commonly seen in ________ infections.

106
Q

What is the difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?

A

Coagulative necrosis results in firm, dry tissue, while liquefactive necrosis results in liquid, pus-filled tissue.

107
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with bacterial infections? A) Caseous necrosis B) Coagulative necrosis C) Liquefactive necrosis D) Fat necrosis

A

C) Liquefactive necrosis

108
Q

What term describes the liquid mass formed during liquefactive necrosis?

109
Q

True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can result from both acute and chronic infections.

110
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Caseous necrosis is a type of tissue necrosis characterized by the transformation of tissue into a cheese-like (caseous) appearance.

111
Q

True or False: Caseous necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis.

112
Q

Fill in the blank: Caseous necrosis is often seen in infections caused by ________.

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

113
Q

What histological feature is characteristic of caseous necrosis?

A

The presence of necrotic tissue that appears amorphous and eosinophilic with few inflammatory cells.

114
Q

Which type of necrosis is caseous necrosis classified under?

A

It is classified under granulomatous necrosis.

115
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with caseous necrosis? A) Tuberculosis B) Leprosy C) Acute pancreatitis D) Fungal infections

A

C) Acute pancreatitis

116
Q

What is the appearance of caseous necrosis in tissue samples?

A

It has a cheese-like appearance, often described as ‘caseous’.

117
Q

True or False: Caseous necrosis can occur in the lungs.

118
Q

What immune response is typically involved in caseous necrosis?

A

A granulomatous immune response.

119
Q

Fill in the blank: Caseous necrosis is often surrounded by a ________ of macrophages and lymphocytes.

120
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of caseous necrosis? A) Cough with sputum B) Abdominal pain C) Joint swelling D) Skin rash

A

A) Cough with sputum

121
Q

What type of cells are primarily involved in the formation of granulomas in caseous necrosis?

A

Macrophages.

122
Q

True or False: Caseous necrosis can lead to the formation of cavities within the tissue.

123
Q

What is the primary cause of caseous necrosis?

A

It is primarily caused by chronic infections, particularly by mycobacterial species.

124
Q

Fill in the blank: The necrotic tissue in caseous necrosis is often surrounded by a layer of ________ tissue.

A

granulation

125
Q

Which diagnostic method can be used to identify caseous necrosis?

A

Histopathological examination.

126
Q

Multiple Choice: Caseous necrosis is most likely to be found in which organ? A) Heart B) Liver C) Lungs D) Kidneys

127
Q

What is a potential complication of untreated caseous necrosis?

A

Formation of lung cavities or progression to pulmonary fibrosis.

128
Q

True or False: Caseous necrosis is reversible.

129
Q

What type of inflammation is associated with caseous necrosis?

A

Chronic inflammation.

130
Q

Fill in the blank: The necrotic tissue in caseous necrosis can eventually be replaced by ________ tissue.

131
Q

What is the role of T cells in caseous necrosis?

A

T cells help in the formation and maintenance of granulomas.

132
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common treatment for conditions associated with caseous necrosis? A) Antibiotics B) Surgery C) Both A and B D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

133
Q

True or False: Caseous necrosis can occur in both infectious and non-infectious diseases.

134
Q

What is the primary preventive measure against tuberculosis, which can lead to caseous necrosis?

A

Vaccination and early detection and treatment of infections.

135
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the deposition of fibrin-like proteinaceous material in the tissue.

136
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is commonly associated with immune-mediated vascular injury.

137
Q

Which diseases are associated with fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polyarteritis nodosa.

138
Q

Fill in the blank: Fibrinoid necrosis is typically observed in the ______ of blood vessels.

139
Q

What histological feature is characteristic of fibrinoid necrosis?

A

The appearance of eosinophilic, amorphous deposits in the tissue.

140
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common cause of fibrinoid necrosis? A) Bacterial infection B) Immune complex deposition C) Nutritional deficiency D) Ischemia

A

B) Immune complex deposition

141
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reaction.

142
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is reversible.

143
Q

In which part of the body is fibrinoid necrosis most commonly observed?

A

In the walls of small blood vessels.

144
Q

What is the primary component of the fibrinoid material?

A

Fibrin and other plasma proteins.

145
Q

Fill in the blank: Fibrinoid necrosis is often seen in ______ diseases.

A

autoimmune

146
Q

Which staining technique is useful in identifying fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Immunofluorescence staining.

147
Q

Multiple Choice: Fibrinoid necrosis is most commonly associated with which of the following? A) Acute inflammation B) Chronic inflammation C) Vascular injury D) Cell apoptosis

A

C) Vascular injury

148
Q

What is the consequence of fibrinoid necrosis in tissues?

A

It can lead to tissue damage and dysfunction.

149
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis can be a feature of malignancy.

150
Q

What is the role of immune complexes in fibrinoid necrosis?

A

They deposit in the vessel walls, leading to inflammation and fibrin deposition.

151
Q

Which cell types are typically involved in the response to fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes.

152
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of fibrinoid necrosis is indicative of ______ injury.

153
Q

What is one of the main differences between coagulative necrosis and fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis involves immune-mediated processes, while coagulative necrosis is due to ischemia.

154
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to exhibit fibrinoid necrosis? A) Lupus B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Diabetes mellitus D) Polyarteritis nodosa

A

C) Diabetes mellitus

155
Q

What is the typical outcome of fibrinoid necrosis if not resolved?

A

Progression to chronic inflammation or fibrosis.

156
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis can only occur in the presence of infection.

157
Q

What does the term ‘fibrinoid’ refer to in the context of fibrinoid necrosis?

A

It refers to the fibrin-like appearance of the deposited material.

158
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Necrosis is the process of cell death caused by external factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood flow.

159
Q

True or False: Necrosis is a regulated form of cell death.

160
Q

What type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulation of proteins and is often seen in heart tissue?

A

Coagulative necrosis

161
Q

Fill in the blank: ______ necrosis is associated with bacterial infections and often leads to the formation of pus.

A

Liquefactive

162
Q

Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis?

A

Caseous necrosis

163
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of fat necrosis under microscopy?

A

Necrotic adipose tissue with a chalky white appearance due to the presence of fat necrosis.

164
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is associated with immune-mediated vascular damage.

165
Q

What is the primary cause of coagulative necrosis?

A

Ischemia or infarction.

166
Q

Which type of necrosis results in a soft, jelly-like consistency in the affected tissue?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

167
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of necrosis? A) Coagulative B) Apoptotic C) Caseous D) Fibrinoid

A

B) Apoptotic

168
Q

What is the hallmark of caseous necrosis in histological slides?

A

Cheesy, caseous appearance with necrotic tissue surrounded by macrophages.

169
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis often occurs after ______ injury.

A

Pancreatic

170
Q

True or False: Necrosis can lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues.

171
Q

What histological feature is typical of fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Deposits of fibrin-like protein in the tissue.

172
Q

Which type of necrosis is often seen in the brain due to ischemia?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

173
Q

What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, while apoptosis is a programmed and regulated process.

174
Q

Multiple Choice: Which necrosis type is characterized by a ‘cheesy’ appearance on histology? A) Coagulative B) Caseous C) Fat D) Fibrinoid

A

B) Caseous

175
Q

What is a common cause of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarction

176
Q

Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is primarily caused by ______.

A

Bacterial infection

177
Q

True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases.

178
Q

What is the end result of necrosis in tissues?

A

Tissue damage and potential inflammation.

179
Q

Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in fat tissue?

A

Fat necrosis

180
Q

What type of necrosis is characterized by the replacement of tissue with a gelatinous substance?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

181
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of necrosis is NOT typically associated with infection? A) Coagulative B) Caseous C) Fat D) Fibrinoid

A

D) Fibrinoid

182
Q

What is the main feature of necrotic tissue on microscopy?

A

Loss of cell structure and integrity.

183
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

A localized area of fat tissue that has died due to injury or inflammation.

184
Q

True or False: Fat necrosis can occur after abdominal surgery.

185
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis is often associated with __________ injury.

186
Q

What are common causes of fat necrosis?

A

Trauma, pancreatitis, infections, and surgical procedures.

187
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is NOT typically associated with fat necrosis? A) Pancreatitis B) Diabetes C) Trauma D) Surgery

A

B) Diabetes

188
Q

What are the histological features of fat necrosis?

A

Necrotic adipocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and often calcification.

189
Q

True or False: Fat necrosis can be mistaken for breast cancer on imaging.

190
Q

What imaging technique is commonly used to identify fat necrosis?

A

Ultrasound or mammography.

191
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of fat necrosis can lead to __________ in the affected area.

A

calcification

192
Q

What is the typical treatment for fat necrosis?

A

Most cases resolve spontaneously; surgical intervention may be required in persistent cases.

193
Q

Multiple Choice: Fat necrosis is most commonly found in which part of the body? A) Liver B) Breast C) Lung D) Heart

194
Q

True or False: Fat necrosis can occur in both adults and children.

195
Q

What role does inflammation play in fat necrosis?

A

Inflammation is part of the body’s response to injury, leading to fat cell death.

196
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis is characterized by the __________ of fat cells.

197
Q

What are potential complications of untreated fat necrosis?

A

Infection, abscess formation, or chronic pain.

198
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of fat necrosis? A) Fever B) Pain C) Swelling D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

199
Q

What is the pathology behind fat necrosis?

A

It involves the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells leading to necrosis and inflammation.

200
Q

True or False: Fat necrosis can be a sign of underlying disease.

201
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis often appears as a __________ mass on physical examination.

202
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in fat necrosis?

A

Pancreatitis can lead to fat necrosis due to the release of lipases that damage surrounding fat tissue.

203
Q

Multiple Choice: Which demographic is most at risk for fat necrosis? A) Young children B) Pregnant women C) Middle-aged women D) Elderly men

A

C) Middle-aged women

204
Q

What type of necrosis is fat necrosis classified as?

A

Enzymatic necrosis.

205
Q

True or False: Surgical removal of fat necrosis is always necessary.

206
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis may present with __________ changes on mammogram.

Irreversible Cell Injury (31 decks)

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