Describe the pathogenesis of different types of Necrosis Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different types of necrosis
A
Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Fat Necrosis, Fibrinoid necrosis, Gangrenous necrosis
2
Q
What are the 2 main types of cell injury
A
Reversible cell injury, Irreversible cell injury
3
Q
What is coagulative necrosis?
A
A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the basic tissue architecture despite cell death.
4
Q
True or False: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs in response to ischemia or infarction.
A
True
5
Q
In which organ is coagulative necrosis most commonly observed?
A
Heart
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often associated with _____ injuries.
A
Hypoxic
7
Q
What histological feature is characteristic of coagulative necrosis?
A
Loss of cellular detail with preservation of tissue architecture.
8
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a cause of coagulative necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Bacterial infection C) Severe hypoxia D) Chemical injury
A
B) Bacterial infection
9
Q
What type of necrosis is coagulative necrosis commonly associated with?
A
Ischemic necrosis
10
Q
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to the formation of a scar.
A
True
11
Q
What is the primary cellular change seen in coagulative necrosis?
A
Cellular swelling followed by cell death.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by _____ of proteins.
A
Denaturation
13
Q
What is a common clinical example of coagulative necrosis?
A
Myocardial infarction
14
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the appearance of coagulative necrosis tissue? A) Soft and liquefied B) Firm and dry C) Caseous and cheese-like D) Hemorrhagic
A
B) Firm and dry
15
Q
What type of staining is used to identify coagulative necrosis in histopathology?
A
Hematoxylin and eosin staining
16
Q
True or False: Coagulative necrosis results in the formation of pus.
A
False
17
Q
What is the role of inflammation in coagulative necrosis?
A
To clear necrotic tissue and initiate healing.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis typically results from _____ occlusion.
A
Vascular
19
Q
What is the main difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?
A
Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue structure; liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid mass.
20
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can cause coagulative necrosis? A) Stroke B) Tuberculosis C) Bacterial infection D) All of the above
A
A) Stroke
21
Q
What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis in the heart?
A
Fibrosis or scar formation
22
Q
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can occur in the brain.
A
False
23
Q
What is the primary mechanism of cell death in coagulative necrosis?
A
Apoptosis and necrosis due to lack of blood supply.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often the result of _____ injury.
A
Hypoxic
25
What cellular components are primarily affected in coagulative necrosis?
Proteins and cell membranes.
26
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key feature of coagulative necrosis? A) Liquefaction B) Caseation C) Firmness D) None of the above
C) Firmness
27
What is the typical timeline for the onset of coagulative necrosis after an ischemic event?
Minutes to hours
28
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to chronic inflammation.
True
29
What is the primary definition of cell injury?
Cell injury refers to the damage or dysfunction of cells due to various harmful stimuli.
30
True or False: Cell injury can be reversible.
True
31
Name one major cause of cell injury.
Hypoxia
32
Which type of cell injury is characterized by a lack of oxygen?
Hypoxic injury
33
Fill in the blank: _____ is a cause of cell injury due to physical trauma.
Mechanical injury
34
What effect do toxins have on cells?
Toxins can cause direct cellular damage and disrupt cellular functions.
35
True or False: Infections can lead to cell injury.
True
36
What is the term for cell injury caused by excessive heat?
Thermal injury
37
What type of cell injury is associated with inflammation?
Infectious injury
38
Name one type of chemical agent that can cause cell injury.
Alcohol or heavy metals
39
Fill in the blank: _____ injury occurs due to a lack of nutrients.
Nutritional injury
40
What role does oxidative stress play in cell injury?
Oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage through the production of reactive oxygen species.
41
True or False: Aging can influence the susceptibility of cells to injury.
True
42
Define apoptosis in the context of cell injury.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death that can be triggered by cell injury.
43
What is necrosis?
Necrosis is the uncontrolled death of cells due to injury or disease.
44
Fill in the blank: _____ is a type of cell injury caused by radiation.
Radiation injury
45
What is the impact of toxins on cellular membranes?
Toxins can disrupt cellular membranes, leading to cell death.
46
True or False: All types of cell injury result in cell death.
False
47
What is ischemia?
Ischemia is a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to tissues, leading to cell injury.
48
Name one effect of mechanical injury on cells.
Cell lysis or rupture
49
What is the relationship between inflammation and cell injury?
Inflammation can cause further damage to cells and tissues.
50
Fill in the blank: _____ can result from metabolic disturbances leading to cell injury.
Metabolic injury
51
What type of injury can result from exposure to extreme cold?
Frostbite or cold injury
52
True or False: Cell injury can lead to adaptive responses.
True
53
What is the consequence of prolonged cell injury?
It can lead to irreversible cell damage and cell death.
54
Name a common infectious agent that can cause cell injury.
Bacteria or viruses
55
What is the significance of identifying the cause of cell injury?
Identifying the cause is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further damage.
56
Reversible cell injury features
Cellular swelling (cloudy swelling), Fatty Change, Plasma membrane blebbing, Mitochondrial swelling, Myelin figure formation
57
Irreversible cell injury features
Severe Mitochondria damage, Extensive damage to plasma membrane, Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), Cytoplasmic blebs rupture, Lysosomes rupture and release hydrolytic enzymes
58
What is the main difference between Reversible and Irreversible cell injury
(a) In Reversible injury the basic cell structure remains intact and can recover
(b) In Irreversible Injury, there is a breakdown of cellular organelles and membranes
59
What is coagulative necrosis?
A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the basic tissue architecture despite cell death.
60
True or False: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs in response to ischemia or infarction.
True
61
In which organ is coagulative necrosis most commonly observed?
Heart
62
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often associated with _____ injuries.
Hypoxic
63
What histological feature is characteristic of coagulative necrosis?
Loss of cellular detail with preservation of tissue architecture.
64
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a cause of coagulative necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Bacterial infection C) Severe hypoxia D) Chemical injury
B) Bacterial infection
65
What type of necrosis is coagulative necrosis commonly associated with?
Ischemic necrosis
66
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to the formation of a scar.
True
67
What is the primary cellular change seen in coagulative necrosis?
Cellular swelling followed by cell death.
68
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by _____ of proteins.
Denaturation
69
What is a common clinical example of coagulative necrosis?
Myocardial infarction
70
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the appearance of coagulative necrosis tissue? A) Soft and liquefied B) Firm and dry C) Caseous and cheese-like D) Hemorrhagic
B) Firm and dry
71
What type of staining is used to identify coagulative necrosis in histopathology?
Hematoxylin and eosin staining
72
True or False: Coagulative necrosis results in the formation of pus.
False
73
What is the role of inflammation in coagulative necrosis?
To clear necrotic tissue and initiate healing.
74
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis typically results from _____ occlusion.
Vascular
75
What is the main difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?
Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue structure; liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid mass.
76
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can cause coagulative necrosis? A) Stroke B) Tuberculosis C) Bacterial infection D) All of the above
A) Stroke
77
What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis in the heart?
Fibrosis or scar formation
78
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can occur in the brain.
False
79
What is the primary mechanism of cell death in coagulative necrosis?
Apoptosis and necrosis due to lack of blood supply.
80
Fill in the blank: Coagulative necrosis is often the result of _____ injury.
Hypoxic
81
What cellular components are primarily affected in coagulative necrosis?
Proteins and cell membranes.
82
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key feature of coagulative necrosis? A) Liquefaction B) Caseation C) Firmness D) None of the above
C) Firmness
83
What is the typical timeline for the onset of coagulative necrosis after an ischemic event?
Minutes to hours
84
True or False: Coagulative necrosis can lead to chronic inflammation.
True
85
What is liquefactive necrosis?
A type of tissue death where the affected tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass.
86
True or False: Liquefactive necrosis primarily occurs in the brain.
True
87
What is the primary cause of liquefactive necrosis?
Infection, particularly by bacteria that cause pus formation.
88
Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is often associated with ________ infections.
bacterial
89
Which type of cells are predominantly involved in liquefactive necrosis?
Neutrophils
90
What is the hallmark feature of liquefactive necrosis?
Transformation of tissue into a liquid state.
91
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common location for liquefactive necrosis? A) Liver B) Heart C) Brain D) Lung
C) Brain
92
True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can occur in response to ischemia.
True
93
What is the outcome of liquefactive necrosis in the brain?
Formation of a cystic space filled with liquid.
94
Fill in the blank: The process of liquefactive necrosis often leads to the formation of ________.
pus
95
Which type of necrosis is characterized by the conversion of tissue into a liquid form due to enzymatic digestion?
Liquefactive necrosis
96
Multiple Choice: Which of the following does NOT typically lead to liquefactive necrosis? A) Bacterial infection B) Ischemia C) Fungal infection D) Trauma
D) Trauma
97
What type of necrosis is associated with the formation of a brain abscess?
Liquefactive necrosis
98
True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can be caused by both infections and hypoxic conditions.
True
99
What is the role of macrophages in liquefactive necrosis?
They help in clearing the necrotic tissue and contributing to pus formation.
100
Fill in the blank: In liquefactive necrosis, the dead tissue is primarily dissolved by ________ enzymes.
proteolytic
101
What is the clinical significance of recognizing liquefactive necrosis?
It aids in diagnosing infections and understanding the extent of tissue damage.
102
Multiple Choice: Which condition is most likely to cause liquefactive necrosis? A) Myocardial infarction B) Stroke C) Tuberculosis D) Gangrene
C) Tuberculosis
103
True or False: The liquefactive necrosis process is reversible.
False
104
What does the presence of pus indicate in a tissue sample?
It suggests liquefactive necrosis.
105
Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is commonly seen in ________ infections.
pyogenic
106
What is the difference between coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis?
Coagulative necrosis results in firm, dry tissue, while liquefactive necrosis results in liquid, pus-filled tissue.
107
Multiple Choice: Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with bacterial infections? A) Caseous necrosis B) Coagulative necrosis C) Liquefactive necrosis D) Fat necrosis
C) Liquefactive necrosis
108
What term describes the liquid mass formed during liquefactive necrosis?
Abscess
109
True or False: Liquefactive necrosis can result from both acute and chronic infections.
True
110
What is caseous necrosis?
Caseous necrosis is a type of tissue necrosis characterized by the transformation of tissue into a cheese-like (caseous) appearance.
111
True or False: Caseous necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis.
True
112
Fill in the blank: Caseous necrosis is often seen in infections caused by ________.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
113
What histological feature is characteristic of caseous necrosis?
The presence of necrotic tissue that appears amorphous and eosinophilic with few inflammatory cells.
114
Which type of necrosis is caseous necrosis classified under?
It is classified under granulomatous necrosis.
115
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with caseous necrosis? A) Tuberculosis B) Leprosy C) Acute pancreatitis D) Fungal infections
C) Acute pancreatitis
116
What is the appearance of caseous necrosis in tissue samples?
It has a cheese-like appearance, often described as 'caseous'.
117
True or False: Caseous necrosis can occur in the lungs.
True
118
What immune response is typically involved in caseous necrosis?
A granulomatous immune response.
119
Fill in the blank: Caseous necrosis is often surrounded by a ________ of macrophages and lymphocytes.
granuloma
120
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of caseous necrosis? A) Cough with sputum B) Abdominal pain C) Joint swelling D) Skin rash
A) Cough with sputum
121
What type of cells are primarily involved in the formation of granulomas in caseous necrosis?
Macrophages.
122
True or False: Caseous necrosis can lead to the formation of cavities within the tissue.
True
123
What is the primary cause of caseous necrosis?
It is primarily caused by chronic infections, particularly by mycobacterial species.
124
Fill in the blank: The necrotic tissue in caseous necrosis is often surrounded by a layer of ________ tissue.
granulation
125
Which diagnostic method can be used to identify caseous necrosis?
Histopathological examination.
126
Multiple Choice: Caseous necrosis is most likely to be found in which organ? A) Heart B) Liver C) Lungs D) Kidneys
C) Lungs
127
What is a potential complication of untreated caseous necrosis?
Formation of lung cavities or progression to pulmonary fibrosis.
128
True or False: Caseous necrosis is reversible.
False
129
What type of inflammation is associated with caseous necrosis?
Chronic inflammation.
130
Fill in the blank: The necrotic tissue in caseous necrosis can eventually be replaced by ________ tissue.
fibrous
131
What is the role of T cells in caseous necrosis?
T cells help in the formation and maintenance of granulomas.
132
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common treatment for conditions associated with caseous necrosis? A) Antibiotics B) Surgery C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
133
True or False: Caseous necrosis can occur in both infectious and non-infectious diseases.
True
134
What is the primary preventive measure against tuberculosis, which can lead to caseous necrosis?
Vaccination and early detection and treatment of infections.
135
What is fibrinoid necrosis?
A type of tissue necrosis characterized by the deposition of fibrin-like proteinaceous material in the tissue.
136
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is commonly associated with immune-mediated vascular injury.
True
137
Which diseases are associated with fibrinoid necrosis?
Conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polyarteritis nodosa.
138
Fill in the blank: Fibrinoid necrosis is typically observed in the ______ of blood vessels.
walls
139
What histological feature is characteristic of fibrinoid necrosis?
The appearance of eosinophilic, amorphous deposits in the tissue.
140
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common cause of fibrinoid necrosis? A) Bacterial infection B) Immune complex deposition C) Nutritional deficiency D) Ischemia
B) Immune complex deposition
141
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with fibrinoid necrosis?
Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
142
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is reversible.
False
143
In which part of the body is fibrinoid necrosis most commonly observed?
In the walls of small blood vessels.
144
What is the primary component of the fibrinoid material?
Fibrin and other plasma proteins.
145
Fill in the blank: Fibrinoid necrosis is often seen in ______ diseases.
autoimmune
146
Which staining technique is useful in identifying fibrinoid necrosis?
Immunofluorescence staining.
147
Multiple Choice: Fibrinoid necrosis is most commonly associated with which of the following? A) Acute inflammation B) Chronic inflammation C) Vascular injury D) Cell apoptosis
C) Vascular injury
148
What is the consequence of fibrinoid necrosis in tissues?
It can lead to tissue damage and dysfunction.
149
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis can be a feature of malignancy.
True
150
What is the role of immune complexes in fibrinoid necrosis?
They deposit in the vessel walls, leading to inflammation and fibrin deposition.
151
Which cell types are typically involved in the response to fibrinoid necrosis?
Macrophages and lymphocytes.
152
Fill in the blank: The presence of fibrinoid necrosis is indicative of ______ injury.
chronic
153
What is one of the main differences between coagulative necrosis and fibrinoid necrosis?
Fibrinoid necrosis involves immune-mediated processes, while coagulative necrosis is due to ischemia.
154
Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to exhibit fibrinoid necrosis? A) Lupus B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Diabetes mellitus D) Polyarteritis nodosa
C) Diabetes mellitus
155
What is the typical outcome of fibrinoid necrosis if not resolved?
Progression to chronic inflammation or fibrosis.
156
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis can only occur in the presence of infection.
False
157
What does the term 'fibrinoid' refer to in the context of fibrinoid necrosis?
It refers to the fibrin-like appearance of the deposited material.
158
What is necrosis?
Necrosis is the process of cell death caused by external factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood flow.
159
True or False: Necrosis is a regulated form of cell death.
False
160
What type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulation of proteins and is often seen in heart tissue?
Coagulative necrosis
161
Fill in the blank: ______ necrosis is associated with bacterial infections and often leads to the formation of pus.
Liquefactive
162
Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis?
Caseous necrosis
163
What is the characteristic appearance of fat necrosis under microscopy?
Necrotic adipose tissue with a chalky white appearance due to the presence of fat necrosis.
164
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is associated with immune-mediated vascular damage.
True
165
What is the primary cause of coagulative necrosis?
Ischemia or infarction.
166
Which type of necrosis results in a soft, jelly-like consistency in the affected tissue?
Liquefactive necrosis
167
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of necrosis? A) Coagulative B) Apoptotic C) Caseous D) Fibrinoid
B) Apoptotic
168
What is the hallmark of caseous necrosis in histological slides?
Cheesy, caseous appearance with necrotic tissue surrounded by macrophages.
169
Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis often occurs after ______ injury.
Pancreatic
170
True or False: Necrosis can lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues.
True
171
What histological feature is typical of fibrinoid necrosis?
Deposits of fibrin-like protein in the tissue.
172
Which type of necrosis is often seen in the brain due to ischemia?
Liquefactive necrosis
173
What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, while apoptosis is a programmed and regulated process.
174
Multiple Choice: Which necrosis type is characterized by a 'cheesy' appearance on histology? A) Coagulative B) Caseous C) Fat D) Fibrinoid
B) Caseous
175
What is a common cause of coagulative necrosis?
Myocardial infarction
176
Fill in the blank: Liquefactive necrosis is primarily caused by ______.
Bacterial infection
177
True or False: Fibrinoid necrosis is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases.
True
178
What is the end result of necrosis in tissues?
Tissue damage and potential inflammation.
179
Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in fat tissue?
Fat necrosis
180
What type of necrosis is characterized by the replacement of tissue with a gelatinous substance?
Liquefactive necrosis
181
Multiple Choice: Which type of necrosis is NOT typically associated with infection? A) Coagulative B) Caseous C) Fat D) Fibrinoid
D) Fibrinoid
182
What is the main feature of necrotic tissue on microscopy?
Loss of cell structure and integrity.
183
What is fat necrosis?
A localized area of fat tissue that has died due to injury or inflammation.
184
True or False: Fat necrosis can occur after abdominal surgery.
True
185
Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis is often associated with __________ injury.
traumatic
186
What are common causes of fat necrosis?
Trauma, pancreatitis, infections, and surgical procedures.
187
Multiple Choice: Which condition is NOT typically associated with fat necrosis? A) Pancreatitis B) Diabetes C) Trauma D) Surgery
B) Diabetes
188
What are the histological features of fat necrosis?
Necrotic adipocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and often calcification.
189
True or False: Fat necrosis can be mistaken for breast cancer on imaging.
True
190
What imaging technique is commonly used to identify fat necrosis?
Ultrasound or mammography.
191
Fill in the blank: The presence of fat necrosis can lead to __________ in the affected area.
calcification
192
What is the typical treatment for fat necrosis?
Most cases resolve spontaneously; surgical intervention may be required in persistent cases.
193
Multiple Choice: Fat necrosis is most commonly found in which part of the body? A) Liver B) Breast C) Lung D) Heart
B) Breast
194
True or False: Fat necrosis can occur in both adults and children.
True
195
What role does inflammation play in fat necrosis?
Inflammation is part of the body's response to injury, leading to fat cell death.
196
Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis is characterized by the __________ of fat cells.
necrosis
197
What are potential complications of untreated fat necrosis?
Infection, abscess formation, or chronic pain.
198
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of fat necrosis? A) Fever B) Pain C) Swelling D) All of the above
D) All of the above
199
What is the pathology behind fat necrosis?
It involves the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells leading to necrosis and inflammation.
200
True or False: Fat necrosis can be a sign of underlying disease.
True
201
Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis often appears as a __________ mass on physical examination.
firm
202
What is the role of the pancreas in fat necrosis?
Pancreatitis can lead to fat necrosis due to the release of lipases that damage surrounding fat tissue.
203
Multiple Choice: Which demographic is most at risk for fat necrosis? A) Young children B) Pregnant women C) Middle-aged women D) Elderly men
C) Middle-aged women
204
What type of necrosis is fat necrosis classified as?
Enzymatic necrosis.
205
True or False: Surgical removal of fat necrosis is always necessary.
False
206
Fill in the blank: Fat necrosis may present with __________ changes on mammogram.
calcific
