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Irreversible Cell Injury > INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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2
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

A

False.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound ______.

A

organelles.

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4
Q

Which type of cell is generally smaller in size?

A

Prokaryotic cells.

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5
Q

What structure protects prokaryotic cells?

A

Cell wall.

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6
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular.

A

True.

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7
Q

Which type of cell has DNA organized in linear chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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8
Q

What is the primary genetic material in prokaryotic cells?

A

Circular DNA.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells lack a ______.

A

nucleus.

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10
Q

What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

A

80S ribosomes.

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11
Q

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

A

70S ribosomes.

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12
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells have a complex cytoskeleton.

A

True.

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13
Q

Which type of cell typically reproduces asexually through binary fission?

A

Prokaryotic cells.

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14
Q

What is a common example of a prokaryotic organism?

A

Bacteria.

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15
Q

What is a common example of a eukaryotic organism?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, or protists.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells have _______ for energy production.

A

mitochondria.

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17
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells can have plasmids.

A

True.

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18
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

A

Protein and lipid synthesis.

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19
Q

Which cell type has a more complex structure?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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20
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

A

Modification and packaging of proteins.

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21
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells can perform photosynthesis.

A

True, some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria can.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary component of prokaryotic cell walls is ______.

A

peptidoglycan.

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23
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A

Digestion of macromolecules.

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24
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells can have multiple linear chromosomes.

A

True.

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25
Q

What structure is absent in prokaryotic cells but present in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells undergo _______ for cell division.

A

mitosis.

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27
Q

Which type of cell can have flagella made of microtubules?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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28
Q

What is the primary purpose of the cell membrane in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

To regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

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29
Q

What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?

A

To provide structural support and protection to the cell.

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30
Q

True or False: Bacterial cells have a nucleus.

A

False

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31
Q

What component of bacteria is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a gel-like substance inside the bacterial cell membrane.

A

cytoplasm

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33
Q

What structure allows bacteria to move?

A

Flagella

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34
Q

Which type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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35
Q

What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?

A

Plasmids carry additional genetic information, often including antibiotic resistance.

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36
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the outermost layer of a Gram-negative bacterium?

A

Lipopolysaccharide layer

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37
Q

What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

A

To protect the bacterium from phagocytosis and enhance its ability to cause disease.

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38
Q

True or False: All bacteria are unicellular organisms.

A

True

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39
Q

What is the role of the bacterial plasma membrane?

A

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called __________.

A

binary fission

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41
Q

What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

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42
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure is involved in bacterial attachment to surfaces?

A

Pili

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43
Q

What is the function of endospores in bacteria?

A

To enable the bacterium to survive extreme conditions.

44
Q

True or False: Bacteria can perform photosynthesis.

45
Q

What type of bacteria typically lacks a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma bacteria

46
Q

What is the function of the nucleoid in bacteria?

A

To house the bacterial chromosome.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacterial __________ are structures that can exchange genetic material during conjugation.

48
Q

What role do ribosomes play in bacterial cells?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis.

49
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cells?

A

Chloroplasts

50
Q

What structure protects bacteria from desiccation and helps in biofilm formation?

51
Q

True or False: Bacteria can form multicellular structures.

52
Q

What component of the bacterial cell helps in maintaining osmotic pressure?

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for the movement of ions and small molecules across the bacterial membrane.

A

plasma membrane

54
Q

What is the primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

A

The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer and presence of an outer membrane.

55
Q

What is the primary stain used in the Gram staining process?

A

Crystal violet

56
Q

True or False: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

57
Q

What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?

58
Q

Fill in the blank: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer ________.

59
Q

Which type of bacteria typically has a more complex cell wall structure?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

60
Q

What is the main function of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

To provide an additional barrier to protect against antibiotics and detergents

61
Q

True or False: Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can cause infections.

62
Q

What is a common example of a Gram-positive bacterium?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

63
Q

What is a common example of a Gram-negative bacterium?

A

Escherichia coli

64
Q

In the Gram staining process, what is used as a decolorizer?

A

Alcohol or acetone

65
Q

Fill in the blank: The structure that provides rigidity to the bacterial cell wall is ________.

A

peptidoglycan

66
Q

What is the effect of antibiotics on Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible to antibiotics.

67
Q

True or False: Gram-negative bacteria often have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membrane.

68
Q

What is the significance of the Gram stain in clinical microbiology?

A

It helps in the identification and classification of bacteria.

69
Q

Short answer: Why are Gram-negative bacteria often more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Due to their outer membrane which acts as a barrier.

70
Q

What type of bacteria is more likely to produce exotoxins?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

71
Q

What type of bacteria is more associated with endotoxins?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

72
Q

True or False: The Gram stain can differentiate between bacterial species.

A

False (it differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative)

73
Q

Fill in the blank: The Gram stain is a type of ________ stain.

A

differential

74
Q

Which bacteria are typically easier to treat with antibiotics?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

75
Q

What is the role of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

They help maintain cell wall structure and regulate ion movement.

76
Q

What is the primary component of the Gram-negative outer membrane?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

77
Q

Short answer: What are the implications of the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for infection treatment?

A

It affects the choice of antibiotics used.

78
Q

True or False: The Gram stain is a reliable method for identifying all bacteria.

79
Q

What type of bacteria can be classified as acid-fast?

A

Neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative (acid-fast is a separate classification)

80
Q

Which type of bacteria is typically more virulent?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

81
Q

What is the primary method by which bacteria grow and divide?

A

Binary fission

82
Q

True or False: Bacteria can grow and divide without the presence of oxygen.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of bacterial cell division typically takes about ____ minutes under optimal conditions.

84
Q

What is the term for the period of time it takes for a bacterial population to double?

A

Generation time

85
Q

Multiple Choice: Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by active cell division?

86
Q

What happens during the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for division.

87
Q

True or False: All bacteria have the same generation time.

88
Q

What are the two main components of binary fission?

A

DNA replication and cell division

89
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called ____.

A

Binary fission

90
Q

What is the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

A

A phase where the growth rate slows and the number of viable cells remains constant.

91
Q

Multiple Choice: In which phase do nutrients become limiting and waste products accumulate?

A

Stationary phase

92
Q

What role do plasmids play in bacterial growth?

A

Plasmids can carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

93
Q

True or False: Bacterial cells can undergo mitosis like eukaryotic cells.

94
Q

What is the primary factor that influences bacterial growth rate?

A

Environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

95
Q

Fill in the blank: The growth curve of bacteria typically includes lag, log, stationary, and ____ phases.

96
Q

What is the death phase in bacterial growth?

A

A phase where the number of viable cells decreases due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.

97
Q

Multiple Choice: Which phase of bacterial growth is most useful for industrial fermentation processes?

98
Q

What is meant by ‘bacterial culture’?

A

A population of bacteria grown under controlled conditions.

99
Q

True or False: Bacteria can form spores to survive unfavorable conditions.

100
Q

What is the significance of the exponential growth phase?

A

It is the phase where bacteria multiply at their maximum rate.

101
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacterial growth can be measured using methods such as ____ counting.

102
Q

What is the role of nutrients in bacterial growth?

A

Nutrients provide the essential elements and energy required for growth and reproduction.

103
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect bacterial growth?

A

Color of the environment

104
Q

What is the difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria?

A

Pathogenic bacteria can cause disease, while non-pathogenic bacteria do not.

105
Q

True or False: Bacteria can only be found in specific environments and are not ubiquitous.

106
Q

What is the term for the maximum population density that an environment can sustain?

A

Carrying capacity

Irreversible Cell Injury (21 decks)

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