Cell Signaling and Communication Flashcards
1
Q
What is a receptor?
A
A receptor is a protein molecule that receives and responds to chemical signals from outside the cell.
2
Q
True or False: Receptors can only exist on the surface of cells.
A
False
3
Q
Name one type of membrane protein that can act as a receptor.
A
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
4
Q
What do ion channel receptors do?
A
They allow ions to flow in and out of the cell in response to a signal.
5
Q
Fill in the blank: Receptors are integral to __________ communication.
A
cellular
6
Q
What is the role of enzyme-linked receptors?
A
They catalyze a reaction inside the cell after binding with a ligand.
7
Q
Which type of receptor is involved in neurotransmission?
A
Ligand-gated ion channels
8
Q
True or False: All receptors are located in the plasma membrane.
A
False
9
Q
What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor?
A
It induces a conformational change in the receptor, triggering a cellular response.
10
Q
Identify the receptor type known for its role in vision.
A
Photoreceptors
11
Q
What do nuclear receptors primarily bind to?
A
Steroid hormones and other lipophilic substances.
12
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of receptor? A) GPCR B) Ion channel C) Transporter D) Enzyme-linked
A
C) Transporter
13
Q
What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors?
A
To transmit signals from outside the cell to the inside.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Receptors can be classified into two broad categories: __________ receptors and intracellular receptors.
A
membrane
15
Q
True or False: Receptors can only bind to one specific type of ligand.
A
False
16
Q
What is the significance of receptor desensitization?
A
It prevents overstimulation of the cell by reducing receptor activity after prolonged exposure to a ligand.
17
Q
Name a common example of a ligand that binds to receptors.
A
Hormones
18
Q
What is the function of receptor tyrosine kinases?
A
They phosphorylate tyrosine residues on target proteins to initiate signaling cascades.
19
Q
Multiple Choice: Which receptor type is primarily involved in immune responses? A) GPCR B) Cytokine receptors C) Ion channels D) All of the above
A
D) All of the above
20
Q
What is the role of the ligand in receptor function?
A
The ligand is the signaling molecule that binds to the receptor to elicit a response.
21
Q
Fill in the blank: The binding of a ligand to a receptor can lead to __________ changes within the cell.
A
biochemical
22
Q
True or False: Receptors can only be activated by external ligands.
A
False
23
Q
What does the term ‘affinity’ refer to in the context of receptors?
A
The strength of the binding interaction between a receptor and its ligand.
24
Q
Identify a key feature of intracellular receptors.
A
They can directly regulate gene expression.
25
What is a common method for studying receptor-ligand interactions?
Radiolabeling or fluorescence-based assays.
26
True or False: Once a ligand binds to its receptor, the receptor cannot return to its original state.
False
27
What are the major types of receptors in the human body?
The major types of receptors include ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors.
28
True or False: Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
True
29
Fill in the blank: Metabotropic receptors primarily activate __________ pathways.
G-protein
30
What is the primary function of enzyme-linked receptors?
Enzyme-linked receptors primarily function as enzymes or are directly linked to enzymes that initiate a signaling cascade.
31
Which type of receptor is responsible for gene expression regulation?
Nuclear receptors are responsible for regulating gene expression.
32
Multiple Choice: Which receptor type acts through second messengers? A) Ionotropic B) Metabotropic C) Enzyme-linked D) All of the above
B) Metabotropic
33
What is the role of ionotropic receptors in neurotransmission?
Ionotropic receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission by allowing ions to flow across the membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding.
34
True or False: Nuclear receptors can only be activated by hydrophilic ligands.
False
35
What type of receptor is characterized by a long-lasting response?
Metabotropic receptors are characterized by a longer-lasting response compared to ionotropic receptors.
36
Fill in the blank: The binding of a ligand to a __________ receptor leads to a conformational change that activates intracellular signaling.
metabotropic
37
Which type of receptors are typically involved in immune responses?
Enzyme-linked receptors are typically involved in immune responses.
38
Multiple Choice: Which receptors are known for their quick response times? A) Nuclear B) Metabotropic C) Ionotropic D) Enzyme-linked
C) Ionotropic
39
What is a common example of a ligand for nuclear receptors?
Steroid hormones are common ligands for nuclear receptors.
40
True or False: All receptors can be found in the cell membrane.
False
41
What is the main difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic receptors directly mediate ion flow, while metabotropic receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways through G-proteins.
42
Fill in the blank: __________ receptors often play a role in the regulation of metabolism and development.
Nuclear
43
What do enzyme-linked receptors primarily respond to?
Enzyme-linked receptors primarily respond to growth factors and hormones.
44
Multiple Choice: Which receptor type is primarily involved in sensory perception? A) Ionotropic B) Metabotropic C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
45
True or False: G-protein coupled receptors are a type of metabotropic receptor.
True
46
What is the role of second messengers in metabotropic receptor signaling?
Second messengers amplify the signal initiated by ligand binding and propagate the response within the cell.
47
Fill in the blank: Ionotropic receptors are typically associated with __________ neurotransmission.
fast
48
What is the significance of receptor desensitization?
Receptor desensitization prevents overstimulation of the receptor and allows the cell to adapt to prolonged exposure to a ligand.
49
Multiple Choice: Which receptor type can form dimers or oligomers? A) Ionotropic B) Metabotropic C) Enzyme-linked D) All of the above
D) All of the above
50
What type of receptor is commonly targeted in drug development?
G-protein coupled receptors are commonly targeted in drug development.
51
What is the primary role of proteins in cell signaling?
Proteins are responsible for transmitting signals within and between cells to coordinate cellular responses.
52
True or False: Proteins can act as receptors for signaling molecules.
True
53
Fill in the blank: Proteins that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a cellular response are known as ______.
receptors
54
What is signal transduction?
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response.
55
Name a type of protein that functions as a signaling molecule.
Hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines.
56
Which type of protein is involved in amplifying the signal within a cell?
Second messengers or signaling cascade proteins.
57
What is the function of G-proteins in cell signaling?
G-proteins act as molecular switches that relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins inside the cell.
58
Multiple Choice: What type of protein is typically involved in the phosphoinositide signaling pathway? A) Enzymes B) Receptors C) G-proteins D) All of the above
D) All of the above
59
True or False: Only membrane-bound proteins are involved in cell signaling.
False
60
What is the role of kinases in cell signaling?
Kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, which can activate or deactivate signaling pathways.
61
Fill in the blank: The process of removing phosphate groups from proteins is called ______.
dephosphorylation
62
What are transcription factors and their role in cell signaling?
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression in response to signaling pathways.
63
Multiple Choice: Which type of signaling involves direct cell-to-cell communication? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Juxtacrine D) Endocrine
C) Juxtacrine
64
True or False: Cell signaling can only occur through chemical signals.
False
65
What is the significance of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling?
Phosphorylation alters protein activity and plays a key role in regulating signaling pathways.
66
Name a common second messenger involved in cell signaling.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions (Ca2+).
67
Fill in the blank: ______ are proteins that can bind to and regulate the activity of other proteins in signaling pathways.
Adaptors
68
What is a feedback loop in cell signaling?
A feedback loop is a regulatory mechanism where the output of a signaling pathway influences its own activity.
69
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of cell signaling? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Exocrine D) Endocrine
C) Exocrine
70
True or False: Proteins involved in signaling can only affect the same cell they originate from.
False
71
What is ligand-receptor binding?
It is the interaction between a signaling molecule (ligand) and its specific receptor, triggering a response in the cell.
72
Fill in the blank: The cellular response to a signal is often mediated by changes in ______ activity.
gene expression
73
What is the role of scaffolding proteins in signaling pathways?
Scaffolding proteins organize signaling complexes and enhance the efficiency of signal transduction.
74
Multiple Choice: Which type of signaling typically has a long-range effect? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Endocrine D) Juxtacrine
C) Endocrine
75
What is the function of phosphatases in cell signaling?
Phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins, thus deactivating or modulating signaling pathways.
76
What is endocrine signaling?
Endocrine signaling involves the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target organs.
77
What is paracrine signaling?
Paracrine signaling involves the release of signaling molecules that affect nearby cells in the same tissue.
78
What is autocrine signaling?
Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signaling molecule that acts on itself.
79
True or False: Endocrine signals act on cells that are far away from the signaling cell.
True
80
Fill in the blank: In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules affect __________ cells.
neighboring
81
Which type of signaling is characterized by long-distance communication?
Endocrine signaling
82
Which type of signaling is often involved in immune responses?
Paracrine signaling
83
True or False: Autocrine signaling can influence the same cell that released the signal.
True
84
What is a common example of an endocrine signal?
Hormones such as insulin or estrogen.
85
In paracrine signaling, how are signaling molecules typically transported?
Through diffusion in the extracellular fluid.
86
What is the primary function of autocrine signaling?
To regulate the behavior of the same cell that secretes the signaling molecule.
87
Which type of signaling is typically faster, endocrine or paracrine?
Paracrine signaling
88
Fill in the blank: Hormones released in the bloodstream are part of __________ signaling.
endocrine
89
True or False: Autocrine signaling is important for cell growth and differentiation.
True
90
What distinguishes paracrine signaling from endocrine signaling?
Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells, while endocrine signaling acts on distant cells.
91
Name a signaling molecule involved in autocrine signaling.
Cytokines or growth factors.
92
What type of signaling can play a role in cancer progression?
Autocrine signaling
93
Which signaling mechanism is often involved in neurotransmitter release?
Paracrine signaling
94
Fill in the blank: __________ signaling is crucial for homeostasis and metabolic regulation.
Endocrine
95
True or False: Paracrine signaling can lead to a systemic response.
False
96
What type of signaling would you associate with local tissue repair?
Paracrine signaling
97
Which type of signaling mechanism typically involves receptor binding on the same cell?
Autocrine signaling
98
How do endocrine signals travel to their target cells?
Through the bloodstream.
99
What role do hormones play in endocrine signaling?
They act as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes.
100
Fill in the blank: __________ signaling is often involved in local communication between cells.
Paracrine
101
True or False: Endocrine signaling can involve multiple target organs.
True
102
What are the three types of signaling pathways in cell communication?
Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine.
103
True or False: Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream.
True.
104
Fill in the blank: In _____ signaling, the signaling molecules affect nearby cells.
paracrine
105
What type of signaling pathway does a cell utilize when it responds to its own signaling molecules?
Autocrine signaling.
106
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of endocrine signaling? A) Localized effect B) Long-distance effect C) Immediate response
B) Long-distance effect.
107
What type of receptor is typically involved in endocrine signaling?
Hormone receptors.
108
True or False: Paracrine signaling can occur over long distances.
False.
109
Fill in the blank: In autocrine signaling, the cell releases a signaling molecule that binds to _____ receptors on itself.
its own
110
What is a common example of an autocrine signaling molecule?
Cytokines.
111
Multiple choice: Which of the following pathways is fastest? A) Endocrine B) Paracrine C) Autocrine
C) Autocrine.
112
What is the primary function of paracrine signaling?
To influence the behavior of nearby cells.
113
True or False: Endocrine signaling can regulate processes like metabolism and growth.
True.
114
Fill in the blank: The signaling molecules in _____ signaling are often called local mediators.
paracrine
115
What type of signaling pathway is crucial for immune responses?
Autocrine signaling.
116
Multiple choice: Which signaling type is most likely to involve neurotransmitters? A) Endocrine B) Paracrine C) Autocrine
B) Paracrine.
117
What is a key difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling?
Endocrine signaling travels through the bloodstream, while paracrine signaling acts locally.
118
True or False: All three types of signaling pathways utilize the same types of receptors.
False.
119
Fill in the blank: Hormones released during _____ signaling can have widespread effects throughout the body.
endocrine
120
What role do second messengers play in signaling pathways?
They amplify the signal inside the cell.
121
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of signaling pathway? A) Endocrine B) Paracrine C) Neurocrine
C) Neurocrine.
122
What type of cells typically engage in autocrine signaling?
Immune cells and some cancer cells.
123
True or False: Endocrine signaling is always immediate in its effects.
False.
124
Fill in the blank: The duration of the effect of _____ signaling can vary significantly based on the hormone's half-life.
endocrine
125
What is the primary benefit of paracrine signaling?
It allows for rapid and localized responses.
126
Multiple choice: Which type of signaling is often involved in growth factor signaling? A) Endocrine B) Paracrine C) Autocrine
B) Paracrine.
127
True or False: Autocrine signaling can lead to positive feedback loops.
True.
