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Irreversible Cell Injury > Acellular Microbes (Viruses) > Flashcards

Acellular Microbes (Viruses) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic structural unit of a virus?

A

A virus is made up of a nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

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2
Q

True or False: Viruses have a cellular structure.

A

False: Viruses do not have a cellular structure.

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3
Q

What is the function of the viral capsid?

A

The viral capsid protects the viral nucleic acid and aids in the delivery of the viral genome into host cells.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The envelope of a virus is derived from the __________ of the host cell.

A

membrane

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5
Q

What are the two main types of viral nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA.

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6
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

A viral envelope is a lipid bilayer that surrounds some viruses, derived from the host cell’s membrane.

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7
Q

True or False: All viruses have an envelope.

A

False: Not all viruses have an envelope; those without are called naked viruses.

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8
Q

What role do viral proteins play in the virus structure?

A

Viral proteins are involved in the virus’s attachment to host cells and can also have enzymatic functions.

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9
Q

What is the term for the specific shape of a virus determined by its capsid?

A

The shape of a virus is referred to as its morphology, which can be helical, icosahedral, or complex.

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of viral morphology? A) Helical B) Icosahedral C) Quadrilateral D) Complex

A

C) Quadrilateral

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11
Q

What is the significance of viral glycoproteins?

A

Viral glycoproteins are crucial for the virus’s ability to attach to and enter host cells.

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12
Q

True or False: Viruses can replicate independently of host cells.

A

False: Viruses cannot replicate independently; they require a host cell.

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13
Q

What is the term for the protein subunits that make up the capsid?

A

Capsomers.

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14
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The genetic material of a virus can be __________ or __________.

A

single-stranded or double-stranded

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the viral genome?

A

The viral genome carries the information necessary for the virus to replicate and produce new viral particles.

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17
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure helps a virus to evade the host immune response? A) Capsid B) Envelope C) Nucleic acid D) All of the above

A

B) Envelope

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18
Q

What is the role of the viral matrix proteins?

A

Matrix proteins provide structural support and play a role in the assembly of the virus.

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19
Q

True or False: Viruses can contain both DNA and RNA in their structure.

A

False: Viruses contain either DNA or RNA, not both.

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20
Q

What are non-structural proteins in a virus?

A

Non-structural proteins are proteins that are not part of the virus’s structure but are involved in the virus’s life cycle, such as replication and assembly.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the outermost layer of a virus that may help it enter host cells.

A

envelope

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22
Q

What is the role of the viral core?

A

The viral core contains the nucleic acid and associated proteins essential for viral replication.

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23
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of virus has a helical structure? A) Influenza B) HIV C) Adenovirus D) Polio

A

A) Influenza

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24
Q

What is the importance of the viral life cycle for understanding virus structure?

A

Understanding the viral life cycle helps in identifying structural components that are critical for infection and replication.

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25
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism.

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26
Q

True or False: Viruses are considered living organisms.

A

False

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: Viruses consist of genetic material surrounded by a ______.

A

protein coat

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28
Q

What are the two main types of viral genetic material?

A

DNA and RNA

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29
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A) They can reproduce on their own B) They contain genetic material C) They can infect living cells D) They are smaller than bacteria

A

A) They can reproduce on their own

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30
Q

What is the term for the protein coat surrounding a virus?

31
Q

True or False: Viruses can infect all forms of life.

32
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

A viral envelope is a lipid membrane that surrounds some viruses, derived from the host cell membrane.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: Viruses can be classified based on their ______ type.

A

nucleic acid

34
Q

Short Answer: Name one method viruses use to enter host cells.

A

Endocytosis

35
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses? A) They have double-stranded DNA B) They can mutate rapidly C) They are always enveloped D) They are larger than DNA viruses

A

B) They can mutate rapidly

36
Q

What is the role of viral receptors?

A

Viral receptors are proteins on the surface of host cells that viruses use to attach and enter the cells.

37
Q

True or False: All viruses have an outer envelope.

38
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A bacteriophage is a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: Viruses that only infect eukaryotic cells are called ______ viruses.

A

eukaryotic

40
Q

Short Answer: Describe how viruses replicate inside host cells.

A

Viruses hijack the host’s cellular machinery to replicate their genetic material and produce new virus particles.

41
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the lytic cycle? A) The virus integrates its DNA into the host genome B) The virus causes the host cell to burst C) The virus remains dormant in the host D) The virus only infects plants

A

B) The virus causes the host cell to burst

42
Q

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome without immediate destruction.

43
Q

True or False: Viruses can evolve over time.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: The study of viruses is known as ______.

45
Q

Short Answer: What is a viral mutation?

A

A viral mutation is a change in the viral genome that can affect the virus’s properties, such as its ability to infect host cells.

46
Q

Multiple Choice: What is one way viruses can be transmitted from one host to another? A) Photosynthesis B) Direct contact C) Cellular respiration D) Fermentation

A

B) Direct contact

47
Q

What are antiviral drugs?

A

Antiviral drugs are medications used to treat viral infections by inhibiting the development of the virus.

48
Q

True or False: Vaccines can provide immunity against viruses.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which a virus is released from a host cell is called ______.

50
Q

What are the main stages of the viral growth cycle?

A

The main stages are attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.

51
Q

True or False: Viruses can replicate independently without a host cell.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which a virus attaches to a host cell is called __________.

A

attachment

53
Q

What happens during the uncoating stage of the viral growth cycle?

A

The viral capsid is removed, releasing the viral genome into the host cell.

54
Q

Multiple Choice: Which step follows the penetration of the virus into the host cell? A) Assembly B) Uncoating C) Attachment D) Release

A

B) Uncoating

55
Q

What is the role of viral RNA or DNA during replication?

A

It serves as a template for synthesizing new viral proteins and genomes.

56
Q

True or False: The assembly stage involves the formation of new virions from replicated components.

57
Q

What is the significance of the release stage in the viral growth cycle?

A

It allows new virions to exit the host cell and infect other cells.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The lifecycle of a virus is often referred to as the __________ cycle.

A

viral growth

59
Q

What is a virion?

A

A complete virus particle that consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

60
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a method of viral release? A) Lysis B) Budding C) Binary fission D) Exocytosis

A

C) Binary fission

61
Q

Describe the role of host cell machinery in viral replication.

A

Host cell machinery is hijacked by the virus to produce viral components necessary for replication.

62
Q

True or False: Viruses can infect any type of cell.

63
Q

What determines the specificity of a virus for its host?

A

The presence of specific receptors on the host cell surface that the virus can bind to.

64
Q

Fill in the blank: The viral genome can be either __________ or __________.

65
Q

What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

In the lytic cycle, the virus destroys the host cell, while in the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome integrates into the host genome and can remain dormant.

66
Q

Multiple Choice: Which stage is critical for the production of new viral particles? A) Attachment B) Penetration C) Replication D) Release

A

C) Replication

67
Q

What is the primary outcome of the viral growth cycle?

A

The production of new virions that can go on to infect additional host cells.

68
Q

True or False: All viruses have an envelope.

69
Q

What is the function of a viral envelope?

A

It helps the virus enter host cells and evade the host immune response.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ phase of viral growth is when the virus is actively replicating.

A

exponential

71
Q

What does the term ‘viral load’ refer to?

A

The amount of viral particles present in a given volume of fluid.

72
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common method for studying viral replication? A) PCR B) Western blot C) Microscopy D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

73
Q

What is a common outcome of the lytic cycle?

A

Cell lysis and the release of new virions.

74
Q

True or False: Viruses can evolve over time.

Irreversible Cell Injury (21 decks)

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