The cardiovascular system Flashcards
The study of the heart
Cardiology
The study of arteries
Arteriology
The study of veins
Phlebology
Pertaining to or composed of vessels
Vascular
The blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, veins, and lymphatics
-Ex. the circulatory system
Vascular system
-Oxygenating the cells of the body
-Removing waste from the body
-Maintaining homeostasis
-Regulating blood pressure
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Large vessels that distribute blood from the hear to the arterioles
-Strong muscular walls
-No valves
-Carry O2’d blood with one exception
-Three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
Arteries
pulmonary arteries do not carry oxygenated blood
-Tunica intima (interna): inner most layer, more elastic tissue
-Tunica media: middle layer, mostly smooth muscle
-Tunica externa (adventitia): most superficial layer, interacts with other tissue
Smaller vessels that transfer blood from the arteries to the capillaries
-Tunica intima, media, and externa continuous with arteries
-Media may consist of 2 layers or be absent
Arterioles
Microscopic exchange vessels
-Tunica intima only
-Form the network of vasculature present throughout the tissues
Capillaries
Vessels that transfer blood from the capillaries to the veins
-Tunica intima, media, and externa
-Muscle layer is less developed
-Media may consist of 2 layers of may be absent
Venules
Vessels that carry blood from the venules back to the heart
-Thinner walls because pressure is not as high
-Contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
-Carry -O2’d blood with one exception
-All empty into the superior vena vaca or inferior vena cave
Veins
Blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries with O2’d blood and remove -O2’d blood
Vasa vasorum
A network of blood vessels that provide an alternative route for blood flow
Collateral circulation
Connection between vessels; union of two vessels going to the same body part
Anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)
-Heart is locates between the lungs
-Posterior to sternum
-2/3 of the mass of the heart is left to the midline of the body
-About the size of a closed fist
Relation to surrounding structures
-Apex is the blunt point on the inferior aspect
-Heart is hollow and divided by a septum
-Contains 4 chambers and 4 valves
-Covered by the pericardium (2 layers)
Anatomy of the heart
Deepest layer of the heart
Endocardium
Muscle layer in between the endocardium and epicardium
-Fed by the coronary arteries
Myocardium
Most superficial or visceral layer of the heart
-Part of the visceral layer of the pericardium
Epicardium
The covering of the heart, has two layers
-Visceral or deep layer directly surrounding the heart. Epicardium is the deepest layer of the visceral layer
-Parietal is the outer or superficial layer
-Layers glide over each other when the heart beats
-Small space between layers: ___ space
Pericardium
Upper chambers of the heart
-R is the center for venous drainage
-L is where O2’d blood returns from the lungs
-Contract together
Atria (receiving chambers)
Lower chambers of the heart
-R sends -O2’d blood to the lungs to be O2’d
-L sends blood out to the body
-Contract together
Ventricles
Depression on the right atrium that is a remnant from the fetal development of the foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Open into the right atrium and is where all veins empty
Superior and Inferior vena caval orifices
Opening where drainage (-O2’d blood) from the heart itself returns to the right atrium
Coronary sinus orifice
Right ventricle opening to the pulmonary trunk, which splits off into the pulmonary arteries
Common pulmonary artery orifice
Left atrium openings where blood flows from the pulmonary veins enters back into the heart
Pulmonary venous orifices
Left ventricle opens into the aorta
Aortic orifice
A wall dividing two cavities
Septum
-Interatrial septum: between the upper chambers
-Interventricular septum: between the lower chambers
Any one of the various membranous structures in a hollow organ or passage that temporarily permit the flow of fluid in one direction only.
-Functions to control and direct blood flow
Valves
-Atrioventricular valves: separate the atria from the ventricles
-Semilunar valves: separate the ventricles from their associated arteries
Atrioventricular valves: Atria –> ventricle valves
-R atrium –> R ventricle
-L atria –> L ventricle
-Tricuspid valve
-Bicuspid or Mitral valve
Semilunar valves: ventricles –> arteries
-Opens from the R ventricle into the pulmonary artery
-Opens from the L ventricle into the aorta
-Pulmonary semilunar valve
-Aortic semilunar valve
Stringlike structures that connect the valves to the heart muscle
Chordae tendineae
The muscles that attach the chordae tendineae to the walls of the chambers of the heart
Papillary muscles
Fetal circulatory structures
Between the atria
Foramen ovale
Fetal circulatory structures
Between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
Ductus arteriosis
Fetal circulatory structures
Umbilical veins –> inferior vena cava
Ductus venosis
Fetal circulatory structures
Take -O2’d blood from fetus to placenta
Umbilical arteries
Fetal circulatory structures
Take O2’d blood from placenta to fetus
Umbilical veins
