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Anatomy Second Semester > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain composed of

A

The cerebellum and four lobes

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2
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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3
Q

What are the folds of the brain known as

A

Gyrus

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4
Q

What are the grooves of the brain known as

A

Sulcus

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5
Q

What is on either side of the central sulcus

A

Pre-central and post-central gyri

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6
Q

What is contained within the lateral fissure

A

The middle cerebral artery

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7
Q

What is within the longitudinal fissure

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

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8
Q

What is within the central portion of the brain

A

Thalamus, central hemispheres, corpus callosum, hypothalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum and midbrain

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9
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

A white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

What is an association tract

A

It is a tract between gyri of the same hemisphere

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11
Q

What is a commisural tract/fibre

A

Connection from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other

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12
Q

Where do projection fibres come from/go to

A

The cerebellum to the thalamus, brainstem etc.

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13
Q

What is the basal ganglion composed of

A

Caudate nucleus, choroid plexus, internal capsule, globus pallidus and putamen

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14
Q

What is the main action of the basal ganglion

A

To regulate initiation and termination of body movements

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15
Q

What is the basal ganglion thought to play a part it

A

Memory, planning and emotional response via the limbic system

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16
Q

What forms the lentiform nucleus

A

The globus pallidus and putamen

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17
Q

What communicates with the caudate and putamen

A

The substantia nigra

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18
Q

Where is the substantia nigra

A

In the midbrain

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19
Q

What communicates with the globus pallidus

A

The sub-thalamic nucleus

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20
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

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21
Q

What is the thalamus

A

A major sensory relay station

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22
Q

Flow of information to the thalamas

A

Info from the spinal cord, brain stem and midbrain goes to the thalamus and is then passed to the cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What does the thalamus connect into

A

The hypothalamus and limbic system

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24
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and homeostasis

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25
Q

What is the hypothalamus connected to

A

The pituitary gland

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26
Q

What does the hypothalamus release

A

Hormones

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27
Q

What is within the pineal gland

A

The epithalamus and habenular nucleus

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28
Q

Function of the epithalamus

A

Produces melatonin to regulate the body clock

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29
Q

Function of the habenular nucleus

A

Involved in olfaction and emotional response

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30
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain

A

CN III and CN IV

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31
Q

What does the midbrain connect

A

The pons and the medulla to the diencephalon

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32
Q

What is the superior calliculi involved in

A

Visual tracking and scanning

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33
Q

What is the inferior colliculi involved in

A

The auditory startle reflex

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34
Q

What is the substantia nigra involved in

A

Controlling sub-conscious muscle action

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35
Q

Function of the red nuclei

A

Coordinate muscle movement

36
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

The pons, medulla and cerebellum

37
Q

What is within the pons

A

The pontine nuclei

38
Q

Function of the pontine nuclei

A

Involved in coordinating and maximising voluntary motor output

39
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the pons

A

CN V, CN VI, CN VII and the vestibular part of CN VIII

40
Q

What is contained within the medulla

A

The pyrimids and cardiovascular controls

41
Q

What are the pyramids in the medulla

A

Motor tracts

42
Q

What are the nuclei of the medulla concerned with

A

Touch, pressure and vibration

43
Q

What are the olives involved in

A

Proprioception

44
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII and the cochlear part of VIII

45
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

The vermis between lobes

46
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A

Sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle and coordinates complex sequences

47
Q

What does the medullar regulate

A

Posture and balance

48
Q

Where is the superior cerebellar peduncle from/to

A

The midbrain to the cerebellum

49
Q

Where is the middle cerebellar peduncle from/to

A

The pons to the cerebellum

50
Q

Where is the inferior cerebellar peduncle from/to

A

The medulla to the cerebellum

51
Q

What are the folds within the cerebellum known as

A

Folia

52
Q

What does the pituitary gland release

A

Growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and lutenising hormone

53
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit

A

Within the pituitary fossa

54
Q

What is the pia mater

A

The innermost layer which sticks to the surface of the neural tissue

55
Q

What is the arachnoid mater

A

The middle layer which is a fine spiderweb connective tissue

56
Q

What is the dura mater

A

The outermost layer which is a tough connective tissue sheath

57
Q

Where is the sub-arachnoid space

A

Between the pia and arachnoid mater

58
Q

What is within the sub-arachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

59
Q

What does the dura mater line

A

The skull

60
Q

Function of the dura mater

A

Protects the brain and forma the dural sinuses

61
Q

What does the arachnoid mater line

A

It covers the surface of the brain

62
Q

What is within the arachnoid mater

A

Blood vessels

63
Q

What does the pia mater line

A

It covers the surface of the brain getting into the suclui and around the gyri

64
Q

What supplies the meningies

A

The anterior, middle and posterior meningeal artery

65
Q

Where is the anterior meningeal artery from

A

The ethmoid branch of the internal carotid

66
Q

What does the anterior meningeal artery supply

A

The dura of the anterior fossa

67
Q

Where is the middle meningeal artery from

A

The maxillary artery

68
Q

What does the middle meningeal supply

A

The dura

69
Q

What will occur if the middle meningeal artery is damaged

A

An extra-dural haematoma

70
Q

Where is the posterior meningeal artery from

A

The occipital artery

71
Q

What does the posterior meningeal artery supply

A

The dura of the posterior fossa

72
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery pass through

A

The foramen spiniosum

73
Q

What are the four ventricles within the brain

A

Cerebral aqueduct, lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle

74
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct

A

In the midbrain

75
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect

A

The 3rd and 4th ventricles

76
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle

A

In the thalamus

77
Q

How are the 3rd ventricle and lateral ventricles connected

A

Via the interventricular formina of monro

78
Q

What does the 4th ventricle connect into

A

The sub-arachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord

79
Q

How is the 4th ventricle connected to the sub-arachnoid space

A

Via the lateral and median apertures

80
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Provides mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord

81
Q

Where does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate through

A

The ventricles and the sub-arachnoid space

82
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid loss through

A

The arachnoid villi into the dural venous sinuses

83
Q

What makes cerebrospinal fluid and how

A

The ependymal cells filter the blood plasma

84
Q

Function of the dural venous sinuses

A

Drain blood from the brain and channel it into the internal jugular vein

85
Q

Where are the sinuses formed

A

Either between the periosteum of the skull and the dura OR between two layers of dura

86
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses

A

Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence sinus, cavernous sinus, sigmoid transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinus

Anatomy Second Semester (27 decks)

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