The Brain

Question 1

General Features of the Brain

Answer 1

Question 2

Features of the brain

Central suclus

Answer 2

Pre-central (motor cortex) and post-central (sensory cortex) either side of sulcus

Question 3

Features of the brain

Longitudinal fissue

Answer 3

Contains anterior cerebral arteries

Question 4

Features of the brain

Lateral fissue

Answer 4

Contains middle cerebral artery

Question 5

Features of the brain

Lumps and grooves of folds

Answer 5

Each lump is a Gyrus

Each groove is a Sulcus

Question 6

Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 6

Question 7

Median Sagittal Section of the Brain

Answer 7

Question 8

Corpus Callosum

Answer 8

White matter tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

Question 9

Association tracts

Answer 9

Between gyri of the same hemisphere

Question 10

Commisural tracts/fibres

Answer 10

From one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other

Question 11

Projection fibres

Answer 11

From cerebrum to thalamus, brainstem etc

Question 12

Coronal Section through Brain

Answer 12

Question 13

Basal Ganglia

Answer 13

Regulate initiation and termination of body movements.

Thought to be involved with memory, planning and emotional response.

Question 14

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Answer 14

Major sensory relay station

Spinal cord, brainstem, midbrain to the thalamus then to cerebral hemispheres

Involved in motor pathways

Question 15

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

Answer 15

Regulation of autonomic nervous system and homeostasis

Produces hormones

Question 16

Diencephalon

Pineal gland

Answer 16

Epithalamus - Produces melatonin to regulate body clock

Epithalamus also contains habenular nucles for olfaction and emotional response

Question 17

Midbrain

Connects

Answer 17

Connects pons and medulla to diencephalon

Question 18

Midbrain

Superior Colliculi

Answer 18

Visiual tracking and scanning

Question 19

Midbrain

Inferior colliculi

Answer 19

Auditory startle reflex

Question 20

Midbrain

Substatia niagra

Answer 20

Control sub-conscious muscle action

Question 21

Midbrain

Red nuclei

Answer 21

Co-ordinate muscle movement

Question 22

Pons

Answer 22

Pontine Nuclei - Coordinate and maximise voluntary motor output. Tracts which help with breathing.

Origin of Cranial Nerves V, VI, VII, and Vestibular Part of VIII

Question 23

Medulla

Answer 23

Contains pyramids (motor tracts), cardiovascular centres, breathing centres, nuclei concerned with touch, pressure and vibration.

The olives - proprioception (joint and muscle position)

Origin of Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI, XII, and cochlear part of VIII

Question 24

Cerebellum

Vermis

Answer 24

Between lobes

Question 25

Cerebellum Controls

Answer 25

Sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements and coordinates complex sequences

Question 26

Cerebellum Regulates

Answer 26

Posture and balance

Question 27

Cerebellum Superior/Middle/Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Answer 27

Superior: Midbrain to cerebellum. Middle: Pons to cerebellum Inferior: Medulla to cerebellum

Question 28

Pituitary gland

Answer 28

Releases growth hormone, FSH and LH.

Question 29

Meninges Pia mater

Answer 29

Innermost layer, sticks to surface of neural tissue

Question 30

Meninges Arachnoid Mater

Answer 30

Middle layer, fine "spiderweb" of connective tissue

Question 31

Meninges Dura mater

Answer 31

Outermost layer, tough connective tissue sheath

Question 32

Meninges Sub-arachnoid space

Answer 32

Lies between pia and arachnoid. Contains Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Question 33

Meninges Covering the Brain Dura Mater

Answer 33

Dura lines skull, protecting brain and forming dural venous sinuses

Question 34

Meninges Covering the Brain Arachnoid Mater

Answer 34

Covers surface of brain and carries blood vessels

Question 35

Meninges Covering the Brain Pia Mater

Answer 35

Adheres to surface of brain, going into the sulci and around the gyri

Question 36

Blood Supply to Meninges Anterior Meningeal Artery

Answer 36

From ethmoid branches of the internal carotid supplies the dura of the anterior fossa

Question 37

Blood Supply to Meninges Middle meningeal artery

Answer 37

From the maxillary artery passes through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura with blood. Is the major vessel supplying the dura and damage will lead to an extra-dura hematoma (compresses brain)

Question 38

Blood Supply to Meninges Posterior Meningeal Artery

Answer 38

From occipital artery. Supplies dura of posterior fossa

Question 39

Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral Aqueduct

Answer 39

Runs through the midbrain to connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 40

Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricle

Answer 40

One in each hemisphere

Question 41

Ventricles of the Brain 4th Ventricle

Answer 41

Connects to the sub-arachnoid space via the lateral (x2) and median (x1) apertures and is connected to the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 42

Ventricles of the Brain 3rd Ventricle

Answer 42

Inside the thalamus, connected to the lateral ventricles by the inter-ventricular foramina of Monro

Question 43

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 43

Provides mechanical ad physical protection to the brain and the spinal chord. Made from blood plasma filtered by ependymal cells Constantly re-cycled 80-150ml present at any given time

Question 44

Circle of Willis

Answer 44

Question 45

Inferior Brain Arteries

Answer 45

Question 46

Dural Venous Sinuses

Answer 46

Question 47

Inferior Saggital and Sigmoid Sinuses

Answer 47