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Anatomy > The Abdomen Part 3 > Flashcards

The Abdomen Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity touching the spleen?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?

A

Head

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3
Q

What is the central elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?

A

Body

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4
Q

What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?

A

Tail

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5
Q

What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct

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6
Q

What are ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of the metabolism?

A

Hormones

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8
Q

What is the study of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrinology

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9
Q

What characteristics of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?

A

They are highly vascular

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10
Q

What is a heterocrine gland?

A

A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions

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11
Q

What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets

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12
Q

The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?

A

•Insulin
•glucagon

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13
Q

What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?

A

Biliary apparatus

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14
Q

What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

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15
Q

Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?

A

Common hepatic duct

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16
Q

What structure carries bile to and from the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

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17
Q

The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?

A

Common bile duct

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18
Q

What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal Wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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19
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?

A

Major duodenal papilla

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20
Q

How many adrenal glands are there?

A

Two

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21
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the superior surface of each kidney

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

•Adrenal cortex
•Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?

A

Corticosteroids:
•Aldosterone
•Cortisol
•DHEA

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24
Q

The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division of the ANS

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25
Q

The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

A

•Adrenaline
•Norepinephrine

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26
Q

What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?

A

Urology

27
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

•Kidneys
•Ureters
•Urinary bladder
•Urethra

28
Q

What are the organs of the urinary tract?

A

•Ureters
•Urinary bladder
•Urethra

29
Q

In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal

30
Q

Where is the kidneys located?

A

Superior pole:T12
Inferior pole:L3

31
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other?

A

Right kidney

32
Q

In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?

A

Hilum

33
Q

What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries, renal veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?

A

Renal sinus

34
Q

What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?

A

Fibrous renal capsule

35
Q

What layer of lipid filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?

A

Perinephric fat or adipose capsule

36
Q

In a coronal section what is the outer granular layer?

A

Renal cortex

37
Q

In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?

A

Renal medulla

38
Q

What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?

A

Renal pyramids

39
Q

In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal section what structures lay between the triangular shaped structures?

A

Renal columns

40
Q

What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?

A

Renal papilla

41
Q

What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?

A

Minor calyx

42
Q

The funnel shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?

A

Major calyces

43
Q

What large funnel shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

44
Q

What is the main blood supply to the kidney?

A

Renal artery

45
Q

What vein drains the kidney?

A

Renal veins

46
Q

What long fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

47
Q

What is the location of the ureters?

A

Retroperitoneal

48
Q

What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?

A

Peristalsis

49
Q

Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes?

A

T11-L2 (loin-groin)

50
Q

From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?

A

The lateral horns of the T1-L12 regions of the spinal cord

51
Q

What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?

A

Sympathetic trunk

52
Q

What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

53
Q

What does splanchnic mean?

A

Visceral

54
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Braid- interwoven networks of nerves or blood vessels

55
Q

What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

A

Splanchnic nerves

56
Q

Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

57
Q

Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

58
Q

What pathway is Postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?

A

Splanchnic nerve pathway

59
Q

What pathway in the sympathetic division goes to the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenal medulla pathway

60
Q

What are collections of sympathetic Postganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?

A

Autonomic plexuses

61
Q

What structures are singular rather than paired are anterior to the vertebral column and are located only in the abdominal cavity?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

62
Q

List the three Prevertebral ganglia?

A

•Celiac ganglion
•Superior mesenteric ganglion
•Inferior mesenteric ganglion

63
Q

What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

64
Q

The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

A

L1-L4

Anatomy (26 decks)

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