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Psyc 332 > Textbook Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Textbook Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

anxiety and coping strategies began with…

A

concepts introduced by psychoanalytic theory

but took their thinking in new directions

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2
Q

how do traditional psychoanalysts think about anxiety and coping mechanisms?

A

emphasize unconscious sources of anxiety

and defense mechanisms

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3
Q

are we more anxious today than our parents and their parents? or do we just complain more

A

data suggests that we indeed have entered an age of anxiety

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4
Q

anxiety

A

an UNPLEASANT emotional experience

feelings of worry, panic, fear, dread

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5
Q

Freud’s 3 types of anxiety

A
  1. reality anxiety
  2. neurotic anxiety
  3. moral anxiety
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6
Q

reality anxiety

A

response to PERCEIVED THREAT in real world

ie. when followed by a stranger at night

you’re AWARE of the SOURCE of the anxiety

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7
Q

reality anxiety is less interesting to Freud because…

A

it’s conscious

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8
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

when unacceptable id impulses are DANGEROUSLY CLOSE to breaking the SURFACE

this anxiety leads EGO to use DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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9
Q

neurotic anxiety leads ego to…

A

use defense mechanisms

to try to keep unacceptable id impulses under the surface

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10
Q

moral anxiety

A

brought about by SUPEREGO

in response to id impulses that violate superego’s strict moral code

experienced as guilt

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11
Q

moral anxiety is experienced as…

A

guilt

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12
Q

defense mechanisms versus coping mechanisms

A

defense mechs:
- unconscious

coping mechs:
- conscious

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13
Q

coping with anxiety: we respond to stress-provoking situations with…

A

calculated efforts to reduce our anxiety

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14
Q

coping strategies

A

efforts to cope with anxiety in the face of a perceived threat

endless different ones: long walks, drinking alcohol, attacking problem at the source, ignoring problem, exercise

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15
Q

women and men: differences in coping strategies

A

women report more coping strategies than men

but not sure if this difference is real

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16
Q

not everyone uses the same strategies, but there are _____ patterns in the ways that people cope

A

stable

consistently rely on our favourite coping strategies across problems and time

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17
Q

coping styles

A

stable patterns of coping strategy use/types employed by different people

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18
Q

2 types of coping strategies

A

repression

sensitizing

some people would rather IGNORE anxiety provoking topics

others want to educate themselves so they can deal with problems should they arise

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19
Q

personality dimension related to coping strategies

A

repression-sensitization

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20
Q

repressors

A

people who respond to threatening situations by AVOIDING them

try not to think about the situation and avoid anxiety this way

“worrying about it will do no good”

“get your mind off of it”

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21
Q

sensitizers

A

deal with stressful situations by FINDING OUT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE

and thereby putting themselves in effective place for action

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22
Q

3 basic ways to deal with anxiety

A
  1. problem-focused strategies
  2. emotion-focused strategies
  3. avoidance strategies
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23
Q

problem-focused strategies

A

intended to TAKE CARE OF THE PROBLEM

ie. financial problem - look for ways to earn money or reduce expenses

these people feel that MAKING A PLAN reduces their anxiety

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24
Q

problem focused strategic people feel that doing what reduces their anxiety?

A

making a plan

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25
Q

emotion-focused strategies

A

designed to REDUCE EMOTIONAL DISTRESS accompanying the problem

ie. rejected from law school - consider how this could actually be for the best

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26
Q

avoidance strategies

A

deal with emotions by PUSHING ANXIETY-PROVOKING situations OUT OF AWARENESS

ie. worried about losing job - go out drinking

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27
Q

do most people use only one coping strategy?

A

no, most people COMBINE strategies

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28
Q

coping strategies: women may use more…

A

emotion-focused strategies than men

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29
Q

coping strategies: men may use more…

A

direct problem solving strategies than women

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30
Q

how effective are coping strategies?

A

using some kind of strategy is always more effective than using no strategy

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31
Q

are all coping strategies equally effective?

A

ACTIVE strategies = almost always more effective than avoidance

emotion vs problem strategies = which one is better DEPENDS on the situation

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32
Q

active strategies over avoidance strategies

A

active strategies are often useful

avoidance strategies are RARELY USEFUL in reducing anxiety or helping people overcome tragedy

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33
Q

if you use an avoidance strategy, you’re more likely to suffer from…

A

PTSD after a traumatic event

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34
Q

long term consequences from extensive reliance on avoidance strategies

A

don’t help you

more vulnerable to STRESS-RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS

ie. hypertension, cardiovascular disease

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35
Q

when are avoidance strategies sometimes effective?

A

in the short run

ie. ignore relationship problems when studying for finals

but this only DELAYS dealing the the problem

may only be useful for SMALL issues

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36
Q

avoidance strategies can also create…

A

additional problems

ie. excessive drinking and substance use

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37
Q

problem or emotion-focused strategies?

A

depends on the situation

key: is there any way to CORRECT the problem, or is it a situation which MUST BE ACCEPTED?

if there’s a way to solve the problem, should address it directly

but sometimes we can’t do anything about a situation - here, trying to make the problem go away is fruitless

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38
Q

when a situation can’t be changed, working on your…

A

EMOTIONAL REACTION is likely to be the best approach

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39
Q

coping flexibility

A

if one strategy doesn’t work, maybe another one will

key to effective coping may be knowing when to employ which kind of strategy

some people have better coping flexibility than others

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40
Q

people who score high on coping flexibility tend to have…

A

higher sense of WELLBEING

and experience LESS EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS

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41
Q

commonly observed connection between WHAT and aggression?

A

frustration

you get frustrated, and then you get angry

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42
Q

Freud quote on aggression

A

“men are not gentle creatures who want to be loved. they are, on the contrary, creatures among whose instinctual endowments [is] a powerful share of aggressiveness”

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43
Q

freud’s initial proposition for the source of aggression

A

aggression results from FRUSTRATED LIBIDO

when pleasure-seeking impulse is BLOCKED, we experience a “PRIMORDIAL REACTION” to ATTACK the obstacle

ego keeps us from attacking anyone who spoils our fun, so we often DISPLACE our aggression

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44
Q

freud’s revised proposition for the source of aggression

A

revised after mass destruction of human life in WW1

concept of death instinct called THANATOS

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45
Q

thanatos and aggression

A

thanathos: death instinct

we all have an instinctual desire to destroy ourselves

but because ego doesn’t allow for self-destruction, instinct is TURNED OUTWARDS towards others

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46
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis and Freud’s quotes on it

A

modification of Freud’s original thinking

“aggression is always the consequence of frustration”

“occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration”

“existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression”

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47
Q

Freud’s frustration-aggression hypothesis is somewhat…

A

simple and clean cut

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48
Q

psychoanalytic notion for when aggression will stop

A

when we experience CATHARSIS

(release of tension)

until frustration builds tension levels up again, should except no further aggressive outbursts

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49
Q

later aggression researchers described tension in terms of…

A

arousal

energy levels

muscle tension

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50
Q

what results in cathartic release?

A

ie. kicking boots across the room, slamming a door

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51
Q

problem with the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

given all the frustrating experiences in our lives, why don’t we spend more of our time acting aggressively?

led to a modification of the hypothesis

52
Q

modification of the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

modification caused by fact that we don’t always act aggressively after feeling frustration

proposition that frustration SOMETIMES leads to INDIRECT EXPRESSIONS of aggression

53
Q

indirect aggression expressed by…

A
  1. DISPLACING aggression on NEW TARGET (ie. taking work stress out on spouse)
  2. indirectly attack boss by SPREADING GOSSIP about them
  3. using SUBLIMATION - run a few miles/play hard game of basketball to work out tension
54
Q

kids who showed highest aggressive behaviour levels at school…

A

also showed highest levels of STRESS/FRUSTRATION at home

55
Q

adults laid off from jobs…

A

are 6 times more likely to engage in ACT OF VIOLENCE than those still employed

56
Q

frustrating people in a line experiment

A

those closer to GOAL (nearer to front of line)

experienced MORE FRUSTRATION and MORE AGGRESSION

manipulated frustration levels and observed ensuing aggressive behaviour

57
Q

but the og frustration-aggression hypothesis is…

A

too limited

frustration is BUT ONE of MANY negative emotions that increase aggression

ie. uncomfortably HIGH TEMPs increase aggression

ie. LOUD NOISES do

ie. CIGARETTE SMOKE does too

58
Q

modified frustration-aggression hypothesis: explanation of why frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression

A

question isn’t HOW FRUSTRATING an event is

it’s HOW UNPLEASANT the accompanying EMOTION is

59
Q

displacing aggression

A

we don’t always attack the SOURCE of our frustration DIRECTLY

sometimes direct frustration-induced anger toward SOMEONE WHO DOESN’T DESERVE IT

indirect targets: safer than towards instructor or employer

60
Q

shock study - displacing aggression

A

anagram study

  1. either no one distracted you
  2. or someone was annoying

those who were annoyed during the task gave more shocks during the second part

61
Q

business study - displacing aggression

A

supervisors who were frustrated by their treatment at work/lack of promotions

reluctant to express anger directly to bosses

PEOPLE WORKING UNDER them complained about being put down in front of others, mistreated by their supervisors

FRUSTRATED SUPERVISORS APPEARED TO DISPLACE THEIR ANGER ONTO THEIR SUBORDINATES

FAMILIES also participated - the more the employees felt abused by their boss at work, the more unpleasant they were to their families

62
Q

triggered displacement aggression

A

when reaction is WAY OUT OF PROPORTION to a relatively small offense

occurs when we encounter minor annoyance that we otherwise would easily tolerate/ignore

63
Q

catharsis and aggression

A

told we need to “let off some steam”

get aggressive tendencies out of system

64
Q

catharsis: prediction of frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

our need to aggress REDUCES after cathartic release of tension

but this is WRONG

65
Q

catharsis essay study

A

study where essays were rated badly

participants were told to:

  1. hit a punching bag
  2. sit quietly

the least angry and least aggressive participants were those who CALMLY SAT ALONE without punching anything

66
Q

findings of catharsis essay study…

A

CONTRADICT the original frustration-aggression hypothesis

which maintained that aggression leads to a TENSION-REDUCING CATHARSIS that reduces the need for aggression

acting aggressively often increases the tendency to aggress

67
Q

why does acting aggressively often increase the tendency to aggress?

A
  1. leads to DISINHIBITION
  2. aggressive CUES
  3. cathartic release FEELS GOOD
68
Q

disinhibition: why acting aggressively often increases the tendency to aggress

A

once we violate the rule to not hurt others

we may find it easier to attack in the future

69
Q

aggressive cues: why acting aggressively often increases the tendency to aggress

A

seeing something we associate with violence often increases aggression

tap into aggression-related MEMORIES and EMOTIONS

70
Q

cathartic release: why acting aggressively often increases the tendency to aggress

A

cathartic release FEELS GOOD

may REINFORCE aggressive acts

71
Q

attachment styles and adult relationships

A

what is it that allows some to enter relationships easily, whereas for others it’s huge chore?

look at early childhood experiences

72
Q

object relations theory is connected to

A

attachment theory

73
Q

object relations theorists

A

Melanie Klein

Donald Winnicott

Margaret Mahler

Heinz Kout

74
Q

objects relations theorists emphasize…

A

early childhood experiences

75
Q

objects relations theorists are interested in…

A

infant’s relationship with important people in their lives

parents, most often mother

76
Q

objects relations theorists postulate that…

A

child develops an UNCONSCIOUS rep of objects in their environment

way in which child INTERNALIZES the parent’s image

serves as BASIS for how they think of OTHERS when entering FUTURE RELATIONSHIPS

77
Q

objects relations theory: way in which child develops unconscious rep of…

A

their parent’s

serves as basis for how they think of others

when entering future relationships

78
Q

2 big figures in attachment theory

A

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby

examined emotional bond between infants and caregivers

79
Q

attachment relationship

A

meet our human needs to form attachment with a SUPPORTIVE/PROTECTIVE other

80
Q

attachment researchers are particularly interested in…

A

reactions of infants who are SEPARATED from primary caregivers

81
Q

3 types of attachment

A
  1. secure
  2. anxious-ambivalent
  3. avoidant
82
Q

secure children

A

mothers are ATTENTIVE and RESPONSIVE

kids understand mother is responsive and accessible

even if she’s not physically there

they’re happy and self-confident

83
Q

anxious-ambivalent children

A

mothers AREN’T PARTICULARLY ATTENTIVE or RESPONSIVE

children are ANXIOUS when mother leaves, they tear up

NOT EASILY CALMED by other adults

AFRAID of UNFAMILIAR situations

84
Q

avoidant children

A

mothers AREN’T ATTENTIVE or RESPONSIVE to child

but child reacts by developing ALOOFNESS/EMOTIONAL DETACHMENT

DON’T get ANXIOUS when mother leaves

NOT INTERESTED in her attention when she RETURNS

85
Q

childhood attachment styles have later…

A

implications

on child’s ability to enter into relationships later in life

86
Q

infant forms unconscious…

A

WORKING MODELS

for interpersonal involvement

these are unconscious

87
Q

secure individual’s working model

A

see themselves as LOVABLE

and others as TRUSTWORTHY

but if attachment needs = neglected, less healthy self-image results

will see themselves as unwanted by anyone

88
Q

do adult attachment styles exist?

A

yes

confirmed by:

  1. surveys
  2. longitudinal studies
89
Q

divide attachment styles among…

A

2 dimensions

  1. fear of abandonment
  2. fear of closeness
90
Q

abandonment dimension

A

people who are and are not fearful that their romantic partner will abandon them

reflects INTERNAL FEELINGS of SELF WORTH

91
Q

closeness dimension

A

how comfortable people are with closeness/intimacy

are people trustworthy and dependable?

or unreliable and rejecting?

92
Q

secure: using dimension approach

A

low fear of abandonment

low fear of closeness

93
Q

avoidant/dismissing: using dimension approach

A

low fear of abandonment

high fear of closeness

94
Q

anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied: using dimension approach

A

high fear of abandonment

low fear of closeness

95
Q

disoriented/fearful: using dimension approach

A

high fear of abandonment

high fear of closeness

96
Q

secure individuals

A

low fear of closeness and abandonment

  1. comfortable with closeness
  2. don’t overly concern themselves about abandonment
  3. seek out intimate relationships comfortably
97
Q

avoidant individuals

A

low fear of abandonment
high fear of closeness

  1. don’t fear abandonment
  2. but have deep-seated mistrust of others
  3. shy away from close relationships
  4. reluctant to trust others or become too emotionally dependent because scared of being hurt
98
Q

anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied individuals

A

high fear of abandonment
low fear of closeness

  1. feel unlovable
  2. constant fear of abandonment
  3. comfortable with closeness
  4. seek self-acceptance (because low self worth) through becoming close with others
  5. vulnerable to heartbreak if partner doesn’t meet their strong intimacy needs
99
Q

how do anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied people seek self-acceptance?

A

through becoming close with others

because they have low self esteem

100
Q

disoriented/fearful individuals

A

high fear of closeness
high fear of abandonment

  1. feel unlovable
  2. constant fear of abandonment
  3. doubt that romantic involvement will provide much needed intimacy
  4. avoid closeness for fear of rejection
101
Q

attachment styles: 3 versus 4 category model

A

trend in recent research towards using 4 category model

3 category model:
- secure
- avoidant
- anxious

4 category model:
- secure
- anxious-ambivalent/preoccupied
- avoidant
- disoriented/fearful

102
Q

securely attached people are _____ in their romantic relationships

A

happier

103
Q

people with secure partners are ______

A

happier

104
Q

adults with secure styles tend to have partners with …

A

similar attachment styles

105
Q

secure relationships are more likely to …

A

GET and STAY married

106
Q

why are securely attached relationships better?

A
  1. have more:
    - love
    - commitment
    - trust
  2. able to ACCEPT/support partner despite their FAULTS
  3. WARMER/more INTIMATE conversations
  4. SHARE personal info when APPROPRIATE
107
Q

characteristics of avoidant relationships

A
  1. fear of intimacy
  2. jealousy
  3. believe romance rarely lasts forever - that head over heels love is just in the movies
  4. less likely to show affection & share intimacy with partners
  5. hesitant towards deep commitment
108
Q

avoidant relationships are more vulnerable to…

A

cheating

109
Q

characteristics of anxious-ambivalent relationships

A
  1. fall in love MANY TIMES but have hard time with LONG TERM HAPPINESS they seek
  2. afraid of losing partner
  3. quickly give in to partner’s wishes to keep them happy
  4. stress when separated from partner
110
Q

anxious-ambivalent people are more likely to…

A

fall in love with someone who doesn’t love them in return

111
Q

anxious-ambivalent people are less likely to…

A

break up with partner who doesn’t meet their needs

because:
1. fear of abandonment
2. don’t believe they deserve a better relationship

112
Q

avoidant individuals struggle with…

A

giving and seeking emotional support from partners

just when they need it most

like before a stressful experience

113
Q

attachment is relatively stable over time, but…

A

it’s possible for people to change their style

when they enter a secure, long-lasting adult relationship

114
Q

hard to know whether relationships last because…

A

because people have secure attachment styles

or whether people develop secure attachment styles because their relationships last

115
Q

what percentage o undergrad students classified with an avoidant attachment style said they’ve never been in love?

A

43%

116
Q

study where college students watched their dating partners evaluate physical attractiveness of others

A

anxious-ambivalent people = particularly likely to feel their relationship was THREATENED by the experience

117
Q

both ______ and ______ adults experience heightened stress when separated from their romantic partners

A

avoidant

anxious-ambivalent

118
Q

when are effects of attachment styles likely to surface in relationships?

A

when couples face STRESS in their relationship

119
Q

study: 15 min discussion of unresolved relationship issue

A

partners discussed unresolved relationship issue for 15 minutes

  1. secure participants experienced FEWER PHYSIOLOGICAL indicators of stress as the conversation progressed
  2. for insecure individuals, EVEN SMALL relationship issues can be threatening
120
Q

for insecure individuals, ______ _____ relationship issues can be threatening

A

even small

121
Q

who tend to see more conflict in their relationships?

A

insecure partners

become more upset when they perceive SMALL SLIGHTS

like not being comforted when they’re feeling down

122
Q

airport lounge attachment style inventory setup

A
  1. had couples in airport lounges complete ATTACHMENT STYLE INVENTORY
  2. then watched and CODED various behaviours (hugs, eye contact, sitting close) while couples waited for departure
123
Q

airport lounge attachment style inventory RESULTS

A
  1. secure partners showed SIGNS OF CLOSENESS when one of them was leaving
  2. avoidant partners showed SIGNS OF PULLING AWAY as departure approached

presumably, avoidant adults were EXPERIENCING ANXIETY and FEAR related to impending partner separation

124
Q

seeking emotional support study setup

A

lab studies looking at couple’s stress reactions

  1. women in one study = told they were about to go through an ANXIETY-PROVOKING EXPERIENCE

involving isolation chamber and threatening electronic equipment

125
Q

seeking emotional support study results

A
  1. SECURE women sought MORE COMFORT from their partners as their ANXIETY INCREASED
  2. AVOIDANT women wanted LESS SUPPORT when they became anxious
  3. SECURE MALE PARTNERS offered MORE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT when their partners expressed anxiety
  4. LESS SECURE MALE PARTNERS did not
126
Q

over a 2 year span, ___% of women changed…

A

30% of young women CHANGED their attachment style classification

this suggests that attachment style may not be as set early in life as Bowlby and others suggested

makes it hard to know whether relationships last because of secure attachment styles

or if lasting relationships cause secure attachment styles

Psyc 332 (19 decks)

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