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Psyc 332 > Textbook Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Textbook Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Freud

A

Austrian neurologist

first acknowledged personality theorist

his work has changed the thinking of psychologists, writers, parents, and laypeople even today

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2
Q

example of Freudian theory in common speech

A

“I must’ve done that unconsciously”

^idea that sometimes what we do is influenced by unconscious forces

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3
Q

Freudian terms in our language

A

Freudian slips

denial

libido

repression

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4
Q

Freud was first interested in…

A

hypnosis

worked under Charcot and Breuer

they used hypnosis to aid physiological and hysterical symptoms

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5
Q

hysteria

A

disorder consisting of various physical symptoms

ie. blindness, deafness, inability to walk or use an arm

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6
Q

Anna O

A

set direction of Freud’s career

had hysterical symptoms:
- paralyzed left arm
- hallucinations
- could only speak in English even though native tongue was German

under hypnosis, she’d talk about daydreams and hallucinations and past trauma ie. her dying father

after her session, paralysis was gone and she could speak German again

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7
Q

although Freud used hypnosis to treat Anna O…

A

Freud became disillusioned with it

discovered that even without hypnosis, under certain circumstances, patients could describe PREVIOUSLY HIDDEN MATERIAL seemingly related to cause/cure of their hysterical symptoms

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8
Q

birth of free association

A

after Anna O

Freud realized that even without hypnosis

under certain circumstances

patients could describe previously hidden material seemingly related to the CAUSE/CURE of their hysterical symptoms

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9
Q

many memories discovered under free association are…

A

sexually traumatic

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10
Q

because many memories Freud first discovered via free association were sexually traumatic, Freud concluded…

A

EARLY SEXUAL EXPERIENCES were responsible for hysterical symptoms

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11
Q

did Freud’s ideas about sexuality do well?

A

not at first

Victorian Europe was scandalized by his focus on infantile sexuality and omnipresent sexual motives

gradually his ideas gained support and international recognition

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12
Q

divisions in Freud’s topographic model

A

conscious

preconscious

unconscious

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13
Q

topographic model: conscious

A

thoughts you’re currently aware of

material changes constantly as new thoughts enter your mind and as others pass out of awareness

only a tiny percentage of your mind

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14
Q

topographic model: preconscious

A

stuff currently not on your mind but that you could recall

ie. your mom’s phone number, what you had for breakfast, your fav high school teacher

large body of retrievable info

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15
Q

topographic model: unconscious

A

vast majority of thoughts

most important to psychoanalysis

material to which you have no immediate access

can’t bring unconscious thoughts into consciousness except under extreme situations

but is responsible for much of your everyday behaviour

is the basis of “abnormal behaviour”

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16
Q

Freud’s structural model components

A

divides personality into:

id

ego

superego

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17
Q

id

A

at birth, only the id is present

the selfish part of you

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18
Q

id is only concerned with

A

satisfying personal desires

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19
Q

id acts based on the _________ principle

A

pleasure

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20
Q

pleasure principle

A

what the id acts on

id is only concerned with what brings IMMEDIATE PERSONAL SATISFACTION

regardless of physical or social limitations

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21
Q

id impulses are event present, but…

A

are held in check by the other parts of healthy adult personality

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22
Q

what does the id use to satisfy what it wants?

A

wish fulfillment

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23
Q

wish fulfillment

A

ie. “if a baby is hungry and doesn’t see food nearby, the id imagines the food and thereby at least temporarily satisfies the need”

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24
Q

id impulses center on themes of…

A

sexuality

aggression

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25
Q

ego is based on the _______ principle

A

reality

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26
Q

reality principle

A

primary job of the ego is to satisfy id impulses in a way that’s socially acceptable

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27
Q

ego’s job

A

keep threatening id impulses in the unconscious

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28
Q

ego moves freely…

A

among the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious parts of the mind

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29
Q

how does the ego try to satisfy the wants of the id?

A

in a way that considers the CONSEQUENCES of the action

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30
Q

when does the superego form?

A

5 years old

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31
Q

what does the superego represent?

A

society’s (particularly parents’) values and standards

it places more restrictions on what we can and can’t do

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32
Q

primary weapon of the superego

A

guilt

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33
Q

$5 bill - interplay of id, ego and superego

A

you see a $5 bill. your id wants it.

ego is aware of problems stealing may cause, so may think of a way to steal it stealthily.

but your superego won’t allow the sneaky action - stealing is a violation of the MORAL CODE, even if you don’t get caught.

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34
Q

what does the superego provide for the ego?

A

the IDEALS the ego uses to determine if a behaviour is virtuous and therefore worthy of praise

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35
Q

moral anxiety

A

when the superego is too developed

super-moral

has impossible standards of perfection

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36
Q

underdeveloped superegos result in…

A

stealing and lying

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37
Q

the id, ego and superego are in…

A

conflict

they’re at odds

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38
Q

in healthy individuals…

A

strong ego doesn’t allow the ID or SUPEREGO too much control over personality

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39
Q

three components represented by the id, ego and superego

A

id: desire for indulgence

ego: concern for reality

superego: enforcement of strict moral code

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40
Q

to Freud, human behaviour is motivated by…

A

strong internal forces/drives/instincts

aka Triebe

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41
Q

triebe

A

the strong internal forces/drives/instincts that motivate human behaviour

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42
Q

2 major categories of instincts

A
  1. libido
  2. thanatos
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43
Q

libido

A

life or sexual instinct

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44
Q

thanatos

A

death or aggressive instinct

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45
Q

can the two instincts combine?

A

yes

results in our behaviour being motivated by erotic and aggressive motives

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46
Q

Freud attributed most behaviour to which instinct?

A

libido: life/sexual instinct

used in broad sense: behaviour with obvious erotic content but also actions broadly aimed at creating pleasure

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47
Q

death instinct is usually turned…

A

outward

and expressed as aggression towards others

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48
Q

Freud believed in _______ energy

A

limited

wanted to help patients release unconscious impulses being held in check

because holding them uses energy

freeing them would open up energy for daily functioning

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49
Q

themes of the unconscious

A

hatred of one’s parents

aggression towards one’s spouse

incestuous thoughts

memories of childhood trauma

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50
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

vague feelings of anxiety sparked by sensation that unacceptable unconscious thoughts are about to burst into conscious awareness

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51
Q

when unconscious thoughts are about to burst into conscious awareness…

A

feel a vague anxiety

called neurotic anxiety

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52
Q

ego uses ________ ____________ to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires

A

defense mechanisms

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53
Q

cornerstone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests

A

repression

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54
Q

the most important defense mechanism

A

repression

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55
Q

repression

A

active effort by ego

to push threatening material out of consciousness

to keep that material from ever entering consciousness

everyone has repressions - material in our unconscious mind we’d rather not bring into awareness

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56
Q

cost of repression

A

requires ego to CONSTANTLY expend energy

drains our energy to function

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57
Q

the most productive defense mechanism

A

sublimation

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58
Q

sublimation

A

ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE actions

ie. sublimating aggressive impulses into playing football

productive because id is allowed to express its aggression

so ego doesn’t have to tie up energy holding back the impulses

and athlete is ADMIRED for aggressive play

59
Q

with sublimation, unlike repression, the more…

A

more we use sublimation

more productive we become

often referred to as the only truly successful defense mechanism

60
Q

all defense mechanisms are guided by…

A

the ego

61
Q

displacement

A

channeling our impulses on NON-THREATENING impulses

62
Q

unlike sublimation, displaced impulses…

A

don’t lead to social rewards

ie. result of spousal abuse, someone carries around a lot of unconscious anger - and directs it towards coworkers/her children instead of her spouse

63
Q

many _____ ____/_____ are merely symbolic displacements

A

irrational fears/phobias

ie. fear of horses expressed by child are really displaced fear of father

64
Q

denial

A

refusal to accept that certain facts exist

insist something isn’t true despite all evidence

ie. setting table for dead wife because you refuse to accept she’s dead

65
Q

the more we use denial…

A

the less in touch with reality we become

and the more difficulty we have functioning

66
Q

reaction formation

A

hiding from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by ACTING IN MANNER OPPOSITE to our unconscious desires

ie. young woman who constantly tells people how much she loves her mother may be masking strong unconscious hatred for her mother

67
Q

intellectualization

A

ego handles threatening material by REMOVING THE EMOTIONAL CONTENT from the thought before allowing it into awareness

considering something in a purely intellectual, unemotional manner

68
Q

intellectualization allows us to bring…

A

previously difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety

69
Q

intellectualization example

A

woman imagines her husband in a bad car accident and tells herself she’s doing this to ponder the importance of wearing seatbelts

psychoanalysts would say she holds unconscious hostility towards her spouse

70
Q

projection

A

attributing unconscious impulses to OTHER PEOPLE instead of to ourselves

free ourselves from perception that we’re the one who actually holds this thought

71
Q

projection example

A

ie. woman who thinks everyone in her neighbourhood is committing adultery

may be harbouring sexual desires for the unmarried man living next door

72
Q

displacement example

A

fear of horses expressed by child is really displaced fear of father

73
Q

sublimation example

A

sublimating aggressive tendencies into playing football

id releases aggression, ego doesn’t have to tie up energy holding back the impulses, and athlete is admired for aggressive play

74
Q

denial example

A

setting table for dead wife because refuse to accept she’s dead

75
Q

Freud argued that adult personalities…

A

are heavily impacted by what happens to us during the…

first 5 or 6 years of life

76
Q

during first 5-6 years of life…

A

children progress through developmental stages

chief characteristics of each stage = the PRIMARY EROGENOUS ZONE

each stage influences the adult personality

77
Q

what happens if someone struggles to move through a developmental stage?

A

FIXATION

78
Q

fixation

A

the tying up of psychic energy

results when one struggles to move through a particular stage/wants to stay there

leaves adult with less energy available for normal functioning

express behaviour characteristics of the stage where the energy is fixated

79
Q

how many defense mechanisms are there?

A

seven

80
Q

the seven defense mechanisms

A
  1. repression
  2. sublimation
  3. denial
  4. projection
  5. reaction formation
  6. intellectualization
  7. displacement
81
Q

oral stage

A

first 18th months of life

mouth, lips, tongue = primary erogenous zones of pleasure

82
Q

oral stage: what results in fixation

A

traumatic weaning/feeding problems

results in development of an ORAL PERSONALITY

83
Q

anal stage

A

enter at about 18 months of life

anal region = erogenous zone

84
Q

anal stage: what results in fixation

A

time when kids are toilet trained

traumatic toilet training can lead to anal personality

can be orderly, stubborn or generous depending on how training went

85
Q

phallic stage

A

ages 3-6

penis/clitoris becomes most important erogenous zone

oedipus complex

86
Q

oedipus complex

A

Freud argued that kids this age develop sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent

boys: castration anxiety

girls: penis envy

eventually desire for opposite-sex parent is repressed

reaction formation: they come to identify with the same-sex parent

87
Q

castration anxiety

A

part of oedipus complex occurring ages 3-6 during phallic stage

fear their father will discover their desire for their mother

and cut off their penis

88
Q

penis envy

A

part of oedipus complex occurring ages 3-6 during phallic stage

desire to have a penis

feelings of inferiority/jealousy because of its absence

89
Q

what happens to desire for same-sex parent?

A

it gets repressed

reaction formation: they come to identify with the same-sex parent

90
Q

important functions of the oedipus complex

A
  1. IDENTIFY with same-sex parent
    - take on masculine or feminine characteristics
  2. adopt parents VALUES/STANDARDS which paves way for emergence of SUPEREGO
91
Q

do Oedipal urges ever go away?

A

no, they’re just repressed

92
Q

latency stage

A

sexual desires abate during these years

boys and girls fairly disinterested in each other

boys play with boys, girls play with girls

93
Q

genital stage

A

puberty

erogenous urges return

focused on adult genital regions

94
Q

genital stage: normal sexual function as long as…

A

as long as large amounts of libido aren’t fixated at earlier stages

95
Q

unconscious impulses don’t disappear when pushed out of consciousness…

A

they’re often expressed in disguised/altered form

96
Q

dreams are often called

A

“the royal road to the unconscious”

97
Q

dreams provide id impulses…

A

with a stage for expression

98
Q

dreams are a type of…

A

wish fulfilment

our dreams represent the things we desire

believe trained psychoanalysts could identify many common dream symbols

99
Q

manifest and latent content

A

manifest content:
- what dreamer sees and remembers

latent content:
- what is really being said

100
Q

vast majority of dream symbols are…

A

sexual

101
Q

projective tests

A

present test takers with ambiguous stimuli

asks them to respond by identifying objects, telling a story, drawing a picture

ie. game of finding images in cloud formations

102
Q

projective tests: where do our interpretations come from?

A

Freud would say they’re projections of the material in the perceiver’s unconscious mind

103
Q

free association

A

take a few minds to clear mind

then allow whatever comes to mind to enter

say whatever, even if surprising or embarrassing

“strange, uncensored ideas flowing through your awareness…may be experiencing free association”

104
Q

free association temporarily bypasses…

A

censoring mechanism the ego usually employs

slipping ego’s roadblocks and obstacles

105
Q

is free association easy?

A

it isn’t easy

ego has invested considerable energy into repressing threatening thoughts

106
Q

Freudian slips

A

“your mind is really your “breast” feature”

they represent unconscious associations that momentarily slip out

ie. the husband who calls his wife by her maiden name accidentally may unconsciously wish he’d never married this woman”

107
Q

hypnosis

A

more to human mind than what we can bring into awareness

believed ego was somehow put into a SUSPENDED STATE during deep hypnotic trance

allows hypnotist to bypass ego and get directly to unconscious material

108
Q

hypnosis drawback

A

not everyone is responsive to hypnotic suggestion

109
Q

accidents

A

ie. arguing with a friend and you “accidentally” knock something off a shelf

many apparent accidents are in fact INTENTIONAL actions stemming from unconscious impulses

110
Q

accidents: resistance

A

consciously, people believe they made an accident

but unconsciously, there’s been a deliberate effort to commit the misdeed

111
Q

accidents: things aren’t… they’re …

A

unintended

they’re not CONSCIOUSLY intended

112
Q

symbolic behaviour

A

daily behaviours interpreted as symbolic reps of unconscious desires

pose no threat to ego because they AREN’T PERCEIVED FOR WHAT THEY ARE

they allow for the expression of unconscious impulses

113
Q

symbolic behaviour allow for…

A

expression of unconscious impulses

114
Q

example of symbolic behaviour

A

ie. daisy doormat purchased for mother by a son who dislikes her

mom’s fav flower is a daisy

he enjoys stomping his feet on the mat everyday

115
Q

psychoanalysis is a kind of…

A

psychotherapy

116
Q

primary goal of psychoanalysis

A

bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness where it can be examined rationally

117
Q

psychoanalytic therapist is like a…

A

detective

must evaluate cryptic messages about underlying cause of disorder

as client unconsciously works to mislead/frustrate them

118
Q

psychoanalysis length

A

lengthy process

several hour long sessions a week for several years

Freud cautioned that therapists shouldn’t reveal true meanings too soon

119
Q

why did Freud caution that therapists shouldn’t reveal true meanings too soon?

A

because early insight could be threatening for an unprepared ego

could cause the construction of new/stronger unconscious defenses

120
Q

psychoanalysis: one of the first signs that therapy is progressing

A

resistance

ie. clients want to end therapy because they don’t think it’s helping

indication that client & therapist are getting closer to desired material

threatened ego is attempting to defend against approaching demise of its defenses

121
Q

transference

A

emotions associated with people from past situations are displaced onto therapist

unleashing of unconscious emotions and previously undelivered speeches onto therapist

122
Q

counter-transference

A

when therapists displace their own feelings toward other individuals onto the client

123
Q

does psychoanalysis work?

A

recent reviews of carefully designed studies

find evidence that psychoanalytic therapies are often effective when treating many psych disorders

but they’re very controversial and met with heavy skepticism

124
Q

psychoanalysis has unique methods…

A

because its sought material is unconscious and locked away

bypass direct reports altogether

use projective tests

125
Q

ambiguous material of projective tests allows people to…

A

express pent up impulses

126
Q

3 types of projective tests

A
  1. Rorschach inkblot test
  2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  3. Human Figure Drawing Test
127
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

consists of 10 cards

each with a blot of ink, sometimes in more than one colour

have to DESCRIBE WHAT ONE SEES in the inkblot

analysed using SEVERAL SCORING SYSTEMS

but most psychologists rely on PERSONAL INSIGHTS/INTUITION

128
Q

Rorschach inkblot test reliability

A

unacceptably low indices of reliability

frequent failures to find evidence for test validity

“there is currently no scientific basis for justifying the use of Rorschach scales in psych research”

BUT newer coding systems = far more reliable than older ones

but you can’t really empirically demonstrate that a Rorschach test is accurate

129
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

consists of series of ambiguous pictures

intentionally vague

asked to TELL A STORY about each one

who the people are, what’s going on, what’s led up to the scene, what the outcome will be

what the test taker sees PROVIDES CLUES to their PERSONALITY

130
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT) reliability

A

relatively objective scoring procedures are used

131
Q

human figure drawing test

A

ambiguous stimulus is a blank piece of paper

told to draw a pic for the psychologist

person, family or tree

typically view the person drawn by the test taker as SYMBOLIC REP OF THE SELF

132
Q

strengths of Freud’s theory

A

Carl Jung said “Freud’s greatest achievement probably consisted in taking neurotic patients seriously”

Freud’s observations set direction for subsequent personality theory and research

Developed the first system of psychotherapy

Credited with popularizing and promoting important psych concepts ie. anxiety

133
Q

criticisms of Freud’s theory

A

Might not be as original as it seems - evidence of earlier writing on the unconscious, erotic symbolism in dreams, etc.
- But Freud combined them in a single theory

Many hypotheses generated from his theory are not testable
- Criticisms of psychoanalytic diagnoses can be met with excuses like “oh, it’s repressed” or “that’s a reaction formation”
- If hypothesis cannot be unsupported, neither can it be truly supported

Heavy reliance on case study data - biased
- Freud’s patients hardly repped typical adults - came from wealthy and well-education European fams
- Were suffering psych disorders
- Also possible that Freud recognized & recorded only statements/behaviours that supported his theory
- He also could’ve caused his patients to say what he wanted to hear - in interpreting Dora’s dream, Freud wrote that “the dream confirmed what he already knew”

134
Q

Freud’s idea of the goal of human behaviour

A

to reach a TENSIONLESS state

(intra-psychic conflict creates tension)

135
Q

Freud’s healthy personality

A

one in which the ego controls id impulses and superego demands

through defense mechanisms

136
Q

are defense mechanisms costly?

A

yes, use the ego’s energy

except for sublimation

137
Q

Freudian methods

A

dream analysis

symbol interpretation

projective tests

free association

hypnosis

138
Q

clues about unconscious feelings may be expressed in…

A

Freudian slips

accidents

symbolic behaviour

139
Q

Freud developed the first system of…

A

psychotherapy

140
Q

Freud’s 1900 book

A

The Interpretation of Dreams

141
Q

what did Freud first enrol in?

A

medical school

then he began working in his instructor’s medical lab

but then he left and went into private practice

then won a grant and went to work with Charcot on hypnosis

142
Q

Freud’s relationship with his parents

A

dad has several kids from an earlier marriage

but Sigmund’s mother was the apple of his ete

mother was very young when Freud was born

Freud and his mother formed a very close relationship

but his relationship with his father was cold and occasionally hostile

NOT HARD TO SEE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS COMPLEX IN FREUD’S OWN LIFE

143
Q

Freud and his father’s funeral

A

he arrived late

something he later said was unconsciously motivated

he struggled with feelings of guilt over his relationship with his father many years after his death

Psyc 332 (19 decks)

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