Textbook Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Freud

A

Austrian neurologist

first acknowledged personality theorist

his work has changed the thinking of psychologists, writers, parents, and laypeople even today

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2
Q

example of Freudian theory in common speech

A

“I must’ve done that unconsciously”

^idea that sometimes what we do is influenced by unconscious forces

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3
Q

Freudian terms in our language

A

Freudian slips

denial

libido

repression

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4
Q

Freud was first interested in…

A

hypnosis

worked under Charcot and Breuer

they used hypnosis to aid physiological and hysterical symptoms

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5
Q

hysteria

A

disorder consisting of various physical symptoms

ie. blindness, deafness, inability to walk or use an arm

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6
Q

Anna O

A

set direction of Freud’s career

had hysterical symptoms:
- paralyzed left arm
- hallucinations
- could only speak in English even though native tongue was German

under hypnosis, she’d talk about daydreams and hallucinations and past trauma ie. her dying father

after her session, paralysis was gone and she could speak German again

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7
Q

although Freud used hypnosis to treat Anna O…

A

Freud became disillusioned with it

discovered that even without hypnosis, under certain circumstances, patients could describe PREVIOUSLY HIDDEN MATERIAL seemingly related to cause/cure of their hysterical symptoms

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8
Q

birth of free association

A

after Anna O

Freud realized that even without hypnosis

under certain circumstances

patients could describe previously hidden material seemingly related to the CAUSE/CURE of their hysterical symptoms

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9
Q

many memories discovered under free association are…

A

sexually traumatic

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10
Q

because many memories Freud first discovered via free association were sexually traumatic, Freud concluded…

A

EARLY SEXUAL EXPERIENCES were responsible for hysterical symptoms

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11
Q

did Freud’s ideas about sexuality do well?

A

not at first

Victorian Europe was scandalized by his focus on infantile sexuality and omnipresent sexual motives

gradually his ideas gained support and international recognition

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12
Q

divisions in Freud’s topographic model

A

conscious

preconscious

unconscious

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13
Q

topographic model: conscious

A

thoughts you’re currently aware of

material changes constantly as new thoughts enter your mind and as others pass out of awareness

only a tiny percentage of your mind

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14
Q

topographic model: preconscious

A

stuff currently not on your mind but that you could recall

ie. your mom’s phone number, what you had for breakfast, your fav high school teacher

large body of retrievable info

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15
Q

topographic model: unconscious

A

vast majority of thoughts

most important to psychoanalysis

material to which you have no immediate access

can’t bring unconscious thoughts into consciousness except under extreme situations

but is responsible for much of your everyday behaviour

is the basis of “abnormal behaviour”

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16
Q

Freud’s structural model components

A

divides personality into:

id

ego

superego

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17
Q

id

A

at birth, only the id is present

the selfish part of you

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18
Q

id is only concerned with

A

satisfying personal desires

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19
Q

id acts based on the _________ principle

A

pleasure

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20
Q

pleasure principle

A

what the id acts on

id is only concerned with what brings IMMEDIATE PERSONAL SATISFACTION

regardless of physical or social limitations

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21
Q

id impulses are event present, but…

A

are held in check by the other parts of healthy adult personality

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22
Q

what does the id use to satisfy what it wants?

A

wish fulfillment

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23
Q

wish fulfillment

A

ie. “if a baby is hungry and doesn’t see food nearby, the id imagines the food and thereby at least temporarily satisfies the need”

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24
Q

id impulses center on themes of…

A

sexuality

aggression

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25
ego is based on the _______ principle
reality
26
reality principle
primary job of the ego is to satisfy id impulses in a way that's socially acceptable
27
ego's job
keep threatening id impulses in the unconscious
28
ego moves freely...
among the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious parts of the mind
29
how does the ego try to satisfy the wants of the id?
in a way that considers the CONSEQUENCES of the action
30
when does the superego form?
5 years old
31
what does the superego represent?
society's (particularly parents') values and standards it places more restrictions on what we can and can't do
32
primary weapon of the superego
guilt
33
$5 bill - interplay of id, ego and superego
you see a $5 bill. your id wants it. ego is aware of problems stealing may cause, so may think of a way to steal it stealthily. but your superego won't allow the sneaky action - stealing is a violation of the MORAL CODE, even if you don't get caught.
34
what does the superego provide for the ego?
the IDEALS the ego uses to determine if a behaviour is virtuous and therefore worthy of praise
35
moral anxiety
when the superego is too developed super-moral has impossible standards of perfection
36
underdeveloped superegos result in...
stealing and lying
37
the id, ego and superego are in...
conflict they're at odds
38
in healthy individuals...
strong ego doesn't allow the ID or SUPEREGO too much control over personality
39
three components represented by the id, ego and superego
id: desire for indulgence ego: concern for reality superego: enforcement of strict moral code
40
to Freud, human behaviour is motivated by...
strong internal forces/drives/instincts aka Triebe
41
triebe
the strong internal forces/drives/instincts that motivate human behaviour
42
2 major categories of instincts
1. libido 2. thanatos
43
libido
life or sexual instinct
44
thanatos
death or aggressive instinct
45
can the two instincts combine?
yes results in our behaviour being motivated by erotic and aggressive motives
46
Freud attributed most behaviour to which instinct?
libido: life/sexual instinct used in broad sense: behaviour with obvious erotic content but also actions broadly aimed at creating pleasure
47
death instinct is usually turned...
outward and expressed as aggression towards others
48
Freud believed in _______ energy
limited wanted to help patients release unconscious impulses being held in check because holding them uses energy freeing them would open up energy for daily functioning
49
themes of the unconscious
hatred of one's parents aggression towards one's spouse incestuous thoughts memories of childhood trauma
50
neurotic anxiety
vague feelings of anxiety sparked by sensation that unacceptable unconscious thoughts are about to burst into conscious awareness
51
when unconscious thoughts are about to burst into conscious awareness...
feel a vague anxiety called neurotic anxiety
52
ego uses ________ ____________ to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires
defense mechanisms
53
cornerstone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests
repression
54
the most important defense mechanism
repression
55
repression
active effort by ego to push threatening material out of consciousness to keep that material from ever entering consciousness everyone has repressions - material in our unconscious mind we'd rather not bring into awareness
56
cost of repression
requires ego to CONSTANTLY expend energy drains our energy to function
57
the most productive defense mechanism
sublimation
58
sublimation
ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE actions ie. sublimating aggressive impulses into playing football productive because id is allowed to express its aggression so ego doesn't have to tie up energy holding back the impulses and athlete is ADMIRED for aggressive play
59
with sublimation, unlike repression, the more...
more we use sublimation more productive we become often referred to as the only truly successful defense mechanism
60
all defense mechanisms are guided by...
the ego
61
displacement
channeling our impulses on NON-THREATENING objects/individuals
62
unlike sublimation, displaced impulses...
don't lead to social rewards ie. result of spousal abuse, someone carries around a lot of unconscious anger - and directs it towards coworkers/her children instead of her spouse
63
many _____ ____/_____ are merely symbolic displacements
irrational fears/phobias ie. fear of horses expressed by child are really displaced fear of father
64
denial
refusal to accept that certain facts exist insist something isn't true despite all evidence ie. setting table for dead wife because you refuse to accept she's dead
65
the more we use denial...
the less in touch with reality we become and the more difficulty we have functioning
66
reaction formation
hiding from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by ACTING IN MANNER OPPOSITE to our unconscious desires ie. young woman who constantly tells people how much she loves her mother may be masking strong unconscious hatred for her mother
67
intellectualization
ego handles threatening material by REMOVING THE EMOTIONAL CONTENT from the thought before allowing it into awareness considering something in a purely intellectual, unemotional manner
68
intellectualization allows us to bring...
previously difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety
69
intellectualization example
woman imagines her husband in a bad car accident and tells herself she's doing this to ponder the importance of wearing seatbelts psychoanalysts would say she holds unconscious hostility towards her spouse
70
projection
attributing unconscious impulses to OTHER PEOPLE instead of to ourselves free ourselves from perception that we're the one who actually holds this thought
71
projection example
ie. woman who thinks everyone in her neighbourhood is committing adultery may be harbouring sexual desires for the unmarried man living next door
72
displacement example
fear of horses expressed by child is really displaced fear of father
73
sublimation example
sublimating aggressive tendencies into playing football id releases aggression, ego doesn't have to tie up energy holding back the impulses, and athlete is admired for aggressive play
74
denial example
setting table for dead wife because refuse to accept she's dead
75
Freud argued that adult personalities are heavily impacted by...
what happens to us during the... first 5 or 6 years of life
76
during first 5-6 years of life...
children progress through developmental stages chief characteristics of each stage = the PRIMARY EROGENOUS ZONE each stage influences the adult personality
77
what happens if someone struggles to move through a developmental stage?
FIXATION
78
fixation
the tying up of psychic energy results when one struggles to move through a particular stage/wants to stay there leaves adult with less energy available for normal functioning express behaviour characteristics of the stage where the energy is fixated
79
how many defense mechanisms are there?
seven
80
the seven defense mechanisms
1. repression 2. sublimation 3. denial 4. projection 5. reaction formation 6. intellectualization 7. displacement
81
oral stage
first 18th months of life mouth, lips, tongue = primary erogenous zones of pleasure
82
oral stage: what results in fixation
traumatic weaning/feeding problems results in development of an ORAL PERSONALITY
83
anal stage
enter at about 18 months of life anal region = erogenous zone
84
anal stage: what results in fixation
time when kids are toilet trained traumatic toilet training can lead to anal personality can be orderly, stubborn or generous depending on how training went
85
phallic stage
ages 3-6 penis/clitoris becomes most important erogenous zone oedipus complex
86
oedipus complex
Freud argued that kids this age develop sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent boys: castration anxiety girls: penis envy eventually desire for opposite-sex parent is repressed reaction formation: they come to identify with the same-sex parent
87
castration anxiety
part of oedipus complex occurring ages 3-6 during phallic stage fear their father will discover their desire for their mother and cut off their penis
88
penis envy
part of oedipus complex occurring ages 3-6 during phallic stage desire to have a penis feelings of inferiority/jealousy because of its absence
89
what happens to desire for same-sex parent?
it gets repressed reaction formation: they come to identify with the same-sex parent
90
important functions of the oedipus complex
1. IDENTIFY with same-sex parent - take on masculine or feminine characteristics 2. adopt parents VALUES/STANDARDS which paves way for emergence of SUPEREGO
91
do Oedipal urges ever go away?
no, they're just repressed
92
latency stage
sexual desires abate during these years boys and girls fairly disinterested in each other boys play with boys, girls play with girls
93
genital stage
puberty erogenous urges return focused on adult genital regions
94
genital stage: normal sexual function as long as...
as long as large amounts of libido aren't fixated at earlier stages
95
unconscious impulses don't disappear when pushed out of consciousness...
they're often expressed in disguised/altered form
96
dreams are often called
"the royal road to the unconscious"
97
dreams provide id impulses...
with a stage for expression
98
dreams are a type of...
wish fulfilment our dreams represent the things we desire believe trained psychoanalysts could identify many common dream symbols
99
manifest and latent content
manifest content: - what dreamer sees and remembers latent content: - what is really being said
100
vast majority of dream symbols are...
sexual
101
projective tests
present test takers with ambiguous stimuli asks them to respond by identifying objects, telling a story, drawing a picture ie. game of finding images in cloud formations
102
projective tests: where do our interpretations come from?
Freud would say they're projections of the material in the perceiver's unconscious mind
103
free association
take a few minds to clear mind then allow whatever comes to mind to enter say whatever, even if surprising or embarrassing "strange, uncensored ideas flowing through your awareness...may be experiencing free association"
104
free association temporarily bypasses...
censoring mechanism the ego usually employs slipping ego's roadblocks and obstacles
105
is free association easy?
it isn't easy ego has invested considerable energy into repressing threatening thoughts
106
Freudian slips
"your mind is really your "breast" feature" they represent unconscious associations that momentarily slip out ie. the husband who calls his wife by her maiden name accidentally may unconsciously wish he'd never married this woman"
107
hypnosis
more to human mind than what we can bring into awareness believed ego was somehow put into a SUSPENDED STATE during deep hypnotic trance allows hypnotist to bypass ego and get directly to unconscious material
108
hypnosis drawback
not everyone is responsive to hypnotic suggestion
109
accidents
ie. arguing with a friend and you "accidentally" knock something off a shelf many apparent accidents are in fact INTENTIONAL actions stemming from unconscious impulses
110
accidents: resistance
consciously, people believe they made an accident but unconsciously, there's been a deliberate effort to commit the misdeed
111
accidents: things aren't... they're ...
unintended they're not CONSCIOUSLY intended
112
symbolic behaviour
daily behaviours interpreted as symbolic reps of unconscious desires pose no threat to ego because they AREN'T PERCEIVED FOR WHAT THEY ARE they allow for the expression of unconscious impulses
113
symbolic behaviour allow for...
expression of unconscious impulses
114
example of symbolic behaviour
ie. daisy doormat purchased for mother by a son who dislikes her mom's fav flower is a daisy he enjoys stomping his feet on the mat everyday
115
psychoanalysis is a kind of...
psychotherapy
116
primary goal of psychoanalysis
bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness where it can be examined rationally
117
psychoanalytic therapist is like a...
detective must evaluate cryptic messages about underlying cause of disorder as client unconsciously works to mislead/frustrate them
118
psychoanalysis length
lengthy process several hour long sessions a week for several years Freud cautioned that therapists shouldn't reveal true meanings too soon
119
why did Freud caution that therapists shouldn't reveal true meanings too soon?
because early insight could be threatening for an unprepared ego could cause the construction of new/stronger unconscious defenses
120
psychoanalysis: one of the first signs that therapy is progressing
resistance ie. clients want to end therapy because they don't think it's helping indication that client & therapist are getting closer to desired material threatened ego is attempting to defend against approaching demise of its defenses
121
transference
emotions associated with people from past situations are displaced onto therapist unleashing of unconscious emotions and previously undelivered speeches onto therapist
122
counter-transference
when therapists displace their own feelings toward other individuals onto the client
123
does psychoanalysis work?
recent reviews of carefully designed studies find evidence that psychoanalytic therapies are often effective when treating many psych disorders but they're very controversial and met with heavy skepticism
124
psychoanalysis has unique methods...
because its sought material is unconscious and locked away bypass direct reports altogether use projective tests
125
ambiguous material of projective tests allows people to...
express pent up impulses
126
3 types of projective tests
1. Rorschach inkblot test 2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 3. Human Figure Drawing Test
127
Rorschach inkblot test
consists of 10 cards each with a blot of ink, sometimes in more than one colour have to DESCRIBE WHAT ONE SEES in the inkblot analysed using SEVERAL SCORING SYSTEMS but most psychologists rely on PERSONAL INSIGHTS/INTUITION
128
Rorschach inkblot test reliability
unacceptably low indices of reliability frequent failures to find evidence for test validity "there is currently no scientific basis for justifying the use of Rorschach scales in psych research" BUT newer coding systems = far more reliable than older ones but you can't really empirically demonstrate that a Rorschach test is accurate
129
thematic apperception test (TAT)
consists of series of ambiguous pictures intentionally vague asked to TELL A STORY about each one who the people are, what's going on, what's led up to the scene, what the outcome will be what the test taker sees PROVIDES CLUES to their PERSONALITY
130
thematic apperception test (TAT) reliability
relatively objective scoring procedures are used
131
human figure drawing test
ambiguous stimulus is a blank piece of paper told to draw a pic for the psychologist person, family or tree typically view the person drawn by the test taker as SYMBOLIC REP OF THE SELF
132
strengths of Freud's theory
Carl Jung said "Freud's greatest achievement probably consisted in taking neurotic patients seriously" Freud's observations set direction for subsequent personality theory and research Developed the first system of psychotherapy Credited with popularizing and promoting important psych concepts ie. anxiety
133
criticisms of Freud's theory
Might not be as original as it seems - evidence of earlier writing on the unconscious, erotic symbolism in dreams, etc. - But Freud combined them in a single theory Many hypotheses generated from his theory are not testable - Criticisms of psychoanalytic diagnoses can be met with excuses like "oh, it's repressed" or "that's a reaction formation" - If hypothesis cannot be unsupported, neither can it be truly supported Heavy reliance on case study data - biased - Freud's patients hardly repped typical adults - came from wealthy and well-education European fams - Were suffering psych disorders - Also possible that Freud recognized & recorded only statements/behaviours that supported his theory - He also could've caused his patients to say what he wanted to hear - in interpreting Dora's dream, Freud wrote that "the dream confirmed what he already knew"
134
Freud's idea of the goal of human behaviour
to reach a TENSIONLESS state (intra-psychic conflict creates tension)
135
Freud's healthy personality
one in which the ego controls id impulses and superego demands through defense mechanisms
136
are defense mechanisms costly?
yes, use the ego's energy except for sublimation
137
Freudian methods
dream analysis symbol interpretation projective tests free association hypnosis
138
clues about unconscious feelings may be expressed in...
Freudian slips accidents symbolic behaviour
139
Freud developed the first system of...
psychotherapy
140
Freud's 1900 book
The Interpretation of Dreams
141
what did Freud first enrol in?
medical school then he began working in his instructor's medical lab but then he left and went into private practice then won a grant and went to work with Charcot on hypnosis
142
Freud's relationship with his parents
dad has several kids from an earlier marriage but Sigmund's mother was the apple of his ete mother was very young when Freud was born Freud and his mother formed a very close relationship but his relationship with his father was cold and occasionally hostile NOT HARD TO SEE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS COMPLEX IN FREUD'S OWN LIFE
143
Freud and his father's funeral
he arrived late something he later said was unconsciously motivated he struggled with feelings of guilt over his relationship with his father many years after his death