Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psyc 332 > Lecture Oct 25 > Flashcards

Lecture Oct 25 Flashcards

1
Q

trait approach identifies personality characteristics…

A

that can be represented along a CONTINUUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

trait

A

categorizes people according to the DEGREE to which they manifest a particular characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

assumption of trait approach

A

personality characteristics are relatively STABLE over TIME and across SITUATIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gordon Allport acknowledged…

A

the limitations of the trait concept

behaviour’s influenced by VARIETY of ENVIRONMENTAL factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gordon Allport did what to personality?

A

brought it into the mainstream

shed light on significance of traits through a theory of personality development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gordon Allport’s research strategies

A
  1. nomothetic approach
  2. idiographic approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nomothetic approach

A

people can be described along a SINGLE DIMENSION

according to the LEVEL of the trait

concerns COMMON traits - applies to everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

idiographic approach

A

identifies the COMBO of traits that BEST ACCOUNTS for personality of an individual

central traits, cardinal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

central traits: idiographic approach

A

describe an individual’s personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cardinal traits: idiographic approach

A

single dominating trait in personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

advantage of idiographic approach

A

person determines what traits to examine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allport’s definition of personality

A

DYNAMIC organization within individual of those psychosocial systems

that determines CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR and THOUGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Allport’s definition of personality opposed…

A

viewpoints of psychoanalysis and behaviourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Allport’s definition of personality was influenced by…

A

Gestalt psychology

  1. wholeness
  2. interrelatedness
  3. conscious experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dynamic organization: Allport’s definition of personality

A

personality is constantly changing

never something that IS, rather it is ALWAYS BECOMING

experience changes people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

psychosocial systems: Allport’s definition of personality

A

nothing is exclusively mental nor biological

body and mind are fused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Herarclitus quote that’s related to Allport’s definition of personality

A

“no man ever steps in the same river twice, for it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 things that constitute an adequate theory of personality - for trait theorists

A
  1. personality as contained WITHIN the person
  2. views persons as filled with VARIABLES that CONTRIBUTE to actions
  3. seeks MOTIVES for behaviour in the PRESENT, not the past
  4. employs UNITS OF MEASURE capable of living synthesis
  5. adequately ACCOUNTS for SELF-AWARENESS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

trait theory - personality as contained within the person

A

INTERNAL MECHANISMS rather than external mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

trait theory - views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions

A

reaction against behaviourism

reaction against idea that humans are empty vessels

social reward description of humans is dehumanizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

trait theory - seeks motives for behaviour in the present, not the past

A

reaction against psychoanalysis

“people it seems are busy leading their lives into the future, whereas psychology, for the most part, is busy tracing them into the past”

normal adults are aware of their motives

healthy adult motives are independent of earlier experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

trait theory - employs units of measure capable of living synthesis

A

people aren’t a collection of test scores

must measure the WHOLE, DYNAMIC PERSONALITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nature of personality: heredity

A
  1. provides raw materials
  2. shaped, expanded, or limited by environmental conditions
  3. emphasis on uniqueness through genetic combinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nature of personality: two personalities

A
  1. no continuum of personality between childhood and adulthood
  2. discrete or discontinuous nature of personality
  3. adult personality is not constrained by early experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
to trait theorists, what are the distinguishing characteristics that guide behaviour?
personality traits measured on a continuum
26
personality traits are subject to...
social, environmental and cultural influences
27
definition of trait
"a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide equivalent forms of adaptive and expressive behaviour" ie. responding to similar situations in similar ways
28
development of a trait example - gregariousness
1. early affective attachment (conditioning) 2. later social contacts also prove satisfying 3. child ends up seeking people rather than avoiding people 4. child develops trait of gregariousness 5. child is eager for social intercourse (sociability trait) 6. when isolated she misses people and becomes restless
29
in what way do traits organize experience?
people CONFRONT the world in terms of their traits people can only RESPOND TO THE WORLD in terms of their traits traits account for the CONSISTENCY of human behaviour
30
there are _______ of possible behaviour
ranges activated at varying points within a range according to the DEMANDS of the SITUATION
31
the proprium
all aspects of personality are INTEGRATED by an ORGANIZING AGENT aspects: soul, self, mind, ego etc for Allport, this organizing agent is the PROPRIUM involved in the ought conscience
32
conscience 2 parts
1. "must conscience" 2. "ought conscience"
33
must conscience
fear of punishment and obedience
34
ought conscience
closely tied to proprium certain goals ought to be ATTAINED certain things ought to be OBTAINED, others ought to be AVOIDED
35
7 stages of the development of the proprium
1. bodily self 2. self-identity 3. self-esteem 4. extension of self 5. self-image 6. self as a rational coper 7. propriate striving then adulthood
36
proprium: bodily self
stage 1 of proprium development stages 1-3 emerge during the FIRST 3 YEARRS infants become AWARE of their OWN EXISTENCE distinguish their BODIES from OBJECTS in the environment
37
proprium: self-identity
stage 2 of proprium development children realize that their identity REMAINS INTACT despite the MANY CHANGES that are taking place
38
proprium: self-esteem
stage 3 of proprium development children learn to TAKE PRIDE in their ACCOMPLISHMENTS
39
proprium: extension of self
stage 4 of proprium development stages 4 and 5 emerge during the 4th through 6th year children come to RECOGNIZE the OBJECTS/PEOPLE that are part of their own world
40
proprium: self-image
stage 5 of proprium development children develop ACTUAL and IDEALIZED IMAGES of themselves and their behaviour become aware of SATISFYING (or failing to satisfy) PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS
41
proprium: self as a rational coper
stage 6 of proprium development develops during ages 6-12 children begin to APPLY REASON and LOGIC to the solution of everyday problems
42
proprium: propriate striving
stage 7 of proprium development develops during ADOLESCENCE young people begin to formulate LONG-RANGE GOALS and PLANS
43
proprium: adulthood
normal, mature adults are functionally AUTONOMOUS independent of childhood motives function RATIONALLY in the PRESENT and CONSCIOUSLY CREATE their own lifestyles
44
age and proprium development stages
STAGES 1-3: 0-3 years STAGES 4 & 5: 4-6 years STAGE 6: 6-12 years STAGE 7: adolescence ADULTHOOD
45
traits are consistent...
consistent personality characteristics and behaviours displayed in different situations
46
trait theorists do not assume...
that some people have a trait and others do not rather, they propose that ALL PEOPLE possess CERTAIN TRAITS but that the DEGREE to which a given trait applies to a specific person VARIES and can be QUANTIFIED
47
Gordon Allport suggested that there are 3...
basic categories of traits 1. cardinal 2. central 3. secondary
48
cardinal trait
a single characteristic that directs MOST of a person's activities ie. a totally selfless woman might direct all her energy toward humanitarian activities
49
central traits
major characteristics of an individual usually around 5-10 per person ie. honesty and sociability could be the major characteristics of a certain person
50
secondary traits
characteristics that affect behaviour but in fewer situations less influential than central or cardinal traits ie. a reluctance to eat meat ie. a love of modern art
51
factor analysis
technique employed by Raymond Cattell to determine the STRUCTURE of human personality SOURCE TRAITS: basic traits that make up the human personality
52
factor analysis: source traits
basic traits that make up the human personality
53
factor analysis: limitation
procedure is confined by the TYPE of data chosen for analysis
54
Raymond Cattell on personality
"that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation"
55
Raymond Cattell's factor analysis
a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns
56
using factor analysis, Raymond Cattell suggested...
that 16 pairs of source traits represented the basic dimensions of personality
57
using the 16 source traits, Raymond Cattell developed...
the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) ^measure that provides scores for each of the source traits
58
16 PF
16 personality factor questionnaire by Raymond Cattell 1. reserved > outgoing 2. concrete thinking > abstract thinking 3. affected by feelings > emotionally stable 4. submissive > dominant 5. serious > happy go lucky 6. expedient > conscientious 7. shy > bold 8. tough-minded > sensitive 9. trusting > suspicious 10. practical > imaginative 11. forthright > shrewd 12. self-assured > apprehensive 13. conservative > experimenting 14. group-dependent > self-sufficient 15. undisciplined > self-controlled 16. relaxed > tense
59
Hans Eysenck, like Raymond Cattell...
used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits
60
Hans Eysenck found that personality...
could best be described in terms of THREE major dimensions 1. extraversion - relates to degree of sociability 2. neuroticism - encompasses emotional stability 3. psychotocism - refers to degree to which reality is distorted
61
extraversion: Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions
relates to degree of SOCIABILITY sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking
62
neurotocism: Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions
relates to degree of EMOTIONAL STABILITY anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense
63
psychotosism: Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions
relates to degree of REALITY DISTORTION aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive
64
Eysenck, by evaluating people along these three dimensions, has been able to...
PREDICT behaviour accurately in a variety of types of situations
65
Big Five and factor analysis
using modern factor analysis statistical techniques, a host of researchers have identified a similar set of five factors that underlie personality 1. openness to experience 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism (emotional stability)
66
3 points about Henry Murray
1. personology 2. viscerogenic needs 3. focus on psychogenic needs
67
Henry Murray: personology
combo of PSYCHOANALYTIC and TRAIT concepts NEEDS are a basic element of personality
68
Henry Murray: viscerogenic needs
food, water, etc.
69
Henry Murray: focused on psychogenic needs
1. readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given conditions 2. can be activated by CUES in the environment
70
Henry Murray's 5 principles
1. personality is rooted in the brain 2. tension reduction 3. individual's personality continues to develop over time 4. personality changes and progresses 5. each person is unique, but there are similarities among all people
71
Murray's principles: personality is rooted in the brain
individual's CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY guides and governs every aspect of the personality certain DRUGS can alter brain functioning, and personality as well EVERYTHING on which personality depends exists in the brain: - feeling states - conscious and unconscious memories - beliefs - attitudes - fears - values
72
Murray's principles: tension reduction
people act to reduce physiological and psychological tension but this doesn't mean we live in a tension-free state process of ACTING TO REDUCE TENSION that is satisfying, not the attainment of a condition free of all tension we must have a certain level of tension to reduce
73
Murray's principles: individual's personality continues to develop over time
personality is CONSTRUCTED of all the events that occur during the course of the person's life therefore, the study of a person's PAST is of great importance (diff than other trait theorists who just focus on the present)
74
Murray's principles: personality changes and progresses
it isn't fixed or static
75
Murray's principles: each person is unique, but there are similarities between all people
an individual human being is: 1. like NO other person 2. like SOME other people 3. like EVERY other person
76
Murray - do we live in a tension free state?
no, never people act to REDUCE tension, and this satisfies us the attainment of a condition free of all tension isn't what is satisfying
77
Murray believed that what is a source of distress?
a tension-free existence we need activity, excitement, movement we must have a certain level of tension to reduce
78
Murray's list of needs
abasement, achievement, affiliation, aggression, autonomy, counteraction, defendence, deference, dominance, exhibition, harmavoidance, infavoidance, nurturance, order, play, rejection, sentinence, sex, succorance, understanding
79
infavoidance
to avoid humiliation to quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions that may lead to scorn, derision, or indifference of others to refrain from action because of the fear of failure
80
sentience
to seek and enjoy sensuous impressions
81
succorance
to be nursed, supported, sustained, surrounded, protected, loved, advised, guided, indulged, forgiven, or consoled to remain close to a devoted protector
82
Henry Murray - people can be described in terms of a personal...
hierarchy of needs PRESS: situation that influences the activation of a need
83
press
situation that influences the activation of a need part of Murray's hierarchy of needs
84
Henry Murrays 2 primary contributions to personality
1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 2. stimulated extensive research on psychogenic needs
85

Psyc 332 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions