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Psyc 332 > Lecture Oct 25 > Flashcards

Lecture Oct 25 Flashcards

1
Q

trait approach identifies personality characteristics…

A

that can be represented along a CONTINUUM

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2
Q

trait

A

categorizes people according to the DEGREE to which they manifest a particular characteristic

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3
Q

assumption of trait approach

A

personality characteristics are relatively STABLE over TIME and across SITUATIONS

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4
Q

Gordon Allport acknowledged…

A

the limitations of the trait concept

behaviour’s influenced by VARIETY of ENVIRONMENTAL factors

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5
Q

Gordon Allport did what to personality?

A

brought it into the mainstream

shed light on significance of traits through a theory of personality development

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6
Q

Gordon Allport’s research strategies

A
  1. nomothetic approach
  2. idiographic approach
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7
Q

nomothetic approach

A

people can be described along a SINGLE DIMENSION

according to the LEVEL of the trait

concerns COMMON traits - applies to everyone

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8
Q

idiographic approach

A

identifies the COMBO of traits that BEST ACCOUNTS for personality of an individual

central traits, cardinal traits

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9
Q

central traits: idiographic approach

A

describe an individual’s personality

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10
Q

cardinal traits: idiographic approach

A

single dominating trait in personality

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11
Q

advantage of idiographic approach

A

person determines what traits to examine

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12
Q

Allport’s definition of personality

A

DYNAMIC organization within individual of those psychosocial systems

that determines CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR and THOUGHT

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13
Q

Allport’s definition of personality opposed…

A

viewpoints of psychoanalysis and behaviourism

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14
Q

Allport’s definition of personality was influenced by…

A

Gestalt psychology

  1. wholeness
  2. interrelatedness
  3. conscious experience
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15
Q

dynamic organization: Allport’s definition of personality

A

personality is constantly changing

never something that IS, rather it is ALWAYS BECOMING

experience changes people

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16
Q

psychosocial systems: Allport’s definition of personality

A

nothing is exclusively mental nor biological

body and mind are fused

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17
Q

Herarclitus quote that’s related to Allport’s definition of personality

A

“no man ever steps in the same river twice, for it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man”

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18
Q

5 things that constitute an adequate theory of personality - for trait theorists

A
  1. personality as contained WITHIN the person
  2. views persons as filled with VARIABLES that CONTRIBUTE to actions
  3. seeks MOTIVES for behaviour in the PRESENT, not the past
  4. employs UNITS OF MEASURE capable of living synthesis
  5. adequately ACCOUNTS for SELF-AWARENESS
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19
Q

trait theory - personality as contained within the person

A

INTERNAL MECHANISMS rather than external mechanisms

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20
Q

trait theory - views persons as filled with variables that contribute to actions

A

reaction against behaviourism

reaction against idea that humans are empty vessels

social reward description of humans is dehumanizing

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21
Q

trait theory - seeks motives for behaviour in the present, not the past

A

reaction against psychoanalysis

“people it seems are busy leading their lives into the future, whereas psychology, for the most part, is busy tracing them into the past”

normal adults are aware of their motives

healthy adult motives are independent of earlier experiences

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22
Q

trait theory - employs units of measure capable of living synthesis

A

people aren’t a collection of test scores

must measure the WHOLE, DYNAMIC PERSONALITY

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23
Q

nature of personality: heredity

A
  1. provides raw materials
  2. shaped, expanded, or limited by environmental conditions
  3. emphasis on uniqueness through genetic combinations
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24
Q

nature of personality: two personalities

A
  1. no continuum of personality between childhood and adulthood
  2. discrete or discontinuous nature of personality
  3. adult personality is not constrained by early experiences
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25
Q

to trait theorists, what are the distinguishing characteristics that guide behaviour?

A

personality traits

measured on a continuum

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26
Q

personality traits are subject to…

A

social, environmental and cultural influences

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27
Q

definition of trait

A

“a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide equivalent forms of adaptive and expressive behaviour”

ie. responding to similar situations in similar ways

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28
Q

development of a trait example - gregariousness

A
  1. early affective attachment (conditioning)
  2. later social contacts also prove satisfying
  3. child ends up seeking people rather than avoiding people
  4. child develops trait of gregariousness
  5. child is eager for social intercourse (sociability trait)
  6. when isolated she misses people and becomes restless
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29
Q

in what way do traits organize experience?

A

people CONFRONT the world in terms of their traits

people can only RESPOND TO THE WORLD in terms of their traits

traits account for the CONSISTENCY of human behaviour

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30
Q

there are _______ of possible behaviour

A

ranges

activated at varying points within a range

according to the DEMANDS of the SITUATION

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31
Q

the proprium

A

all aspects of personality are INTEGRATED by an ORGANIZING AGENT

aspects: soul, self, mind, ego etc

for Allport, this organizing agent is the PROPRIUM

involved in the ought conscience

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32
Q

conscience 2 parts

A
  1. “must conscience”
  2. “ought conscience”
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33
Q

must conscience

A

fear of punishment and obedience

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34
Q

ought conscience

A

closely tied to proprium

certain goals ought to be ATTAINED

certain things ought to be OBTAINED, others ought to be AVOIDED

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35
Q

7 stages of the development of the proprium

A
  1. bodily self
  2. self-identity
  3. self-esteem
  4. extension of self
  5. self-image
  6. self as a rational coper
  7. propriate striving

then adulthood

36
Q

proprium: bodily self

A

stage 1 of proprium development

stages 1-3 emerge during the FIRST 3 YEARRS

infants become AWARE of their OWN EXISTENCE

distinguish their BODIES from OBJECTS in the environment

37
Q

proprium: self-identity

A

stage 2 of proprium development

children realize that their identity REMAINS INTACT despite the MANY CHANGES that are taking place

38
Q

proprium: self-esteem

A

stage 3 of proprium development

children learn to TAKE PRIDE in their ACCOMPLISHMENTS

39
Q

proprium: extension of self

A

stage 4 of proprium development

stages 4 and 5 emerge during the 4th through 6th year

children come to RECOGNIZE the OBJECTS/PEOPLE that are part of their own world

40
Q

proprium: self-image

A

stage 5 of proprium development

children develop ACTUAL and IDEALIZED IMAGES of themselves and their behaviour

become aware of SATISFYING (or failing to satisfy) PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS

41
Q

proprium: self as a rational coper

A

stage 6 of proprium development

develops during ages 6-12

children begin to APPLY REASON and LOGIC to the solution of everyday problems

42
Q

proprium: propriate striving

A

stage 7 of proprium development

develops during ADOLESCENCE

young people begin to formulate LONG-RANGE GOALS and PLANS

43
Q

proprium: adulthood

A

normal, mature adults are functionally AUTONOMOUS

independent of childhood motives

function RATIONALLY in the PRESENT and CONSCIOUSLY CREATE their own lifestyles

44
Q

age and proprium development stages

A

STAGES 1-3:
0-3 years

STAGES 4 & 5:
4-6 years

STAGE 6:
6-12 years

STAGE 7:
adolescence

ADULTHOOD

45
Q

traits are consistent…

A

consistent personality characteristics and behaviours

displayed in different situations

46
Q

trait theorists do not assume…

A

that some people have a trait and others do not

rather, they propose that ALL PEOPLE possess CERTAIN TRAITS

but that the DEGREE to which a given trait applies to a specific person VARIES and can be QUANTIFIED

47
Q

Gordon Allport suggested that there are 3…

A

basic categories of traits

  1. cardinal
  2. central
  3. secondary
48
Q

cardinal trait

A

a single characteristic that directs MOST of a person’s activities

ie. a totally selfless woman might direct all her energy toward humanitarian activities

49
Q

central traits

A

major characteristics of an individual

usually around 5-10 per person

ie. honesty and sociability could be the major characteristics of a certain person

50
Q

secondary traits

A

characteristics that affect behaviour

but in fewer situations

less influential than central or cardinal traits

ie. a reluctance to eat meat

ie. a love of modern art

51
Q

factor analysis

A

technique employed by Raymond Cattell

to determine the STRUCTURE of human personality

SOURCE TRAITS: basic traits that make up the human personality

52
Q

factor analysis: source traits

A

basic traits that make up the human personality

53
Q

factor analysis: limitation

A

procedure is confined by the TYPE of data chosen for analysis

54
Q

Raymond Cattell on personality

A

“that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”

55
Q

Raymond Cattell’s factor analysis

A

a statistical method of identifying associations

among a large number of variables

to reveal more general patterns

56
Q

using factor analysis, Raymond Cattell suggested…

A

that 16 pairs of source traits

represented the basic dimensions of personality

57
Q

using the 16 source traits, Raymond Cattell developed…

A

the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)

^measure that provides scores for each of the source traits

58
Q

16 PF

A

16 personality factor questionnaire by Raymond Cattell

  1. reserved > outgoing
  2. concrete thinking > abstract thinking
  3. affected by feelings > emotionally stable
  4. submissive > dominant
  5. serious > happy go lucky
  6. expedient > conscientious
  7. shy > bold
  8. tough-minded > sensitive
  9. trusting > suspicious
  10. practical > imaginative
  11. forthright > shrewd
  12. self-assured > apprehensive
  13. conservative > experimenting
  14. group-dependent > self-sufficient
  15. undisciplined > self-controlled
  16. relaxed > tense
59
Q

Hans Eysenck, like Raymond Cattell…

A

used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits

60
Q

Hans Eysenck found that personality…

A

could best be described in terms of THREE major dimensions

  1. extraversion
    - relates to degree of sociability
  2. neuroticism
    - encompasses emotional stability
  3. psychotocism
    - refers to degree to which reality is distorted
61
Q

extraversion: Hans Eysenck’s major personality dimensions

A

relates to degree of SOCIABILITY

sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking

62
Q

neurotocism: Hans Eysenck’s major personality dimensions

A

relates to degree of EMOTIONAL STABILITY

anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense

63
Q

psychotosism: Hans Eysenck’s major personality dimensions

A

relates to degree of REALITY DISTORTION

aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive

64
Q

Eysenck, by evaluating people along these three dimensions, has been able to…

A

PREDICT behaviour accurately

in a variety of types of situations

65
Q

Big Five and factor analysis

A

using modern factor analysis statistical techniques, a host of researchers have identified a similar set of five factors that underlie personality

  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism (emotional stability)
66
Q

3 points about Henry Murray

A
  1. personology
  2. viscerogenic needs
  3. focus on psychogenic needs
67
Q

Henry Murray: personology

A

combo of PSYCHOANALYTIC and TRAIT concepts

NEEDS are a basic element of personality

68
Q

Henry Murray: viscerogenic needs

A

food, water, etc.

69
Q

Henry Murray: focused on psychogenic needs

A
  1. readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given conditions
  2. can be activated by CUES in the environment
70
Q

Henry Murray’s 5 principles

A
  1. personality is rooted in the brain
  2. tension reduction
  3. individual’s personality continues to develop over time
  4. personality changes and progresses
  5. each person is unique, but there are similarities among all people
71
Q

Murray’s principles: personality is rooted in the brain

A

individual’s CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY guides and governs every aspect of the personality

certain DRUGS can alter brain functioning, and personality as well

EVERYTHING on which personality depends exists in the brain:

  • feeling states
  • conscious and unconscious memories
  • beliefs
  • attitudes
  • fears
  • values
72
Q

Murray’s principles: tension reduction

A

people act to reduce physiological and psychological tension

but this doesn’t mean we live in a tension-free state

process of ACTING TO REDUCE TENSION that is satisfying, not the attainment of a condition free of all tension

we must have a certain level of tension to reduce

73
Q

Murray’s principles: individual’s personality continues to develop over time

A

personality is CONSTRUCTED of all the events that occur during the course of the person’s life

therefore, the study of a person’s PAST is of great importance

(diff than other trait theorists who just focus on the present)

74
Q

Murray’s principles: personality changes and progresses

A

it isn’t fixed or static

75
Q

Murray’s principles: each person is unique, but there are similarities between all people

A

an individual human being is:

  1. like NO other person
  2. like SOME other people
  3. like EVERY other person
76
Q

Murray - do we live in a tension free state?

A

no, never

people act to REDUCE tension, and this satisfies us

the attainment of a condition free of all tension isn’t what is satisfying

77
Q

Murray believed that what is a source of distress?

A

a tension-free existence

we need activity, excitement, movement

we must have a certain level of tension to reduce

78
Q

Murray’s list of needs

A

abasement, achievement, affiliation, aggression, autonomy, counteraction, defendence, deference, dominance, exhibition, harmavoidance, infavoidance, nurturance, order, play, rejection, sentinence, sex, succorance, understanding

79
Q

infavoidance

A

to avoid humiliation

to quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions that may lead to scorn, derision, or indifference of others

to refrain from action because of the fear of failure

80
Q

sentience

A

to seek and enjoy sensuous impressions

81
Q

succorance

A

to be nursed, supported, sustained, surrounded, protected, loved, advised, guided, indulged, forgiven, or consoled

to remain close to a devoted protector

82
Q

Henry Murray - people can be described in terms of a personal…

A

hierarchy of needs

PRESS: situation that influences the activation of a need

83
Q

press

A

situation that influences the activation of a need

part of Murray’s hierarchy of needs

84
Q

Henry Murrays 2 primary contributions to personality

A
  1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  2. stimulated extensive research on psychogenic needs
85
Q
A

Psyc 332 (19 decks)

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