Lecture Sept 13 Flashcards
humanistic approach’s explanation of aggression
people are basically good
aggression arises when something INTERFERES WITH NATURAL GROWTH PROCESS
- basic needs aren’t met
- poor self-image
behavioural/social learning approach’s explanation of aggression
people LEARN to be aggressive
through aggressive behaviour being REWARDED
cognitive approach’s explanation of aggression
certain CUES in the environment trigger NETWORK of aggressive thoughts and emotions
psychoanalytic approach’s explanation of depression
depression results from HOLDING UNCONSCIOUS feelings of ANGER and HOSTILITY
trait approach’s explanation of depression
focuses on identifying DEPRESSION-PRONE INDIVIDUALS
person’s general emotional levels at present can indicate that person’s emotions in the future
personality and culture
cultural context influences PERSONALITY
cultural context influences INTERPRETATION of an individual’s BEHAVIOUR
individualistic versus collectivist cultures
individuals in collectivist cultures
- individuals integrated into STRONG COHESIVE GROUPS
- self is viewed as INTERDEPENDENT with groups
- GROUP GOALS take precedence over individual goals
- people emphasize RELATEDNESS with groups
individuals in individualistic cultures
- individuals look after THEMSELVES and/or their IMMEDIATE families
- self is viewed as INDEPENDENT from groups
- INDIVIDUAL goals take precedence over group goals
- ATTITUDES and PERSONAL NEEDS are important determinants of behaviour
evaluation of personality is used for…
diagnosis, counselling, research, education
2 principles of measurement
reliability
validity
reliability
consistency of response to a psychological assessment device
validity
extent to which an assessment device measures what it’s intended to measure
self report inventories
people answer questions about their behaviours and feelings
ie. MMPI
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
objective personality measure
has multiple scales with many measurement items
examples of MMPI scales
hypochondriasis
depression
hysteria
psychopathic deviate
masculinity/femininity
paranoia
schizophrenia
social introversion
the dark triad/the dirty dozen scale
Likert scale - strongly agree to strongly disagree
items 1-4 assess MACHIAVELLIANISM
items 5-8 assess PSYCHOPATHY
items 9-12 assess NARCISSISM
the dark triad of personality
machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism
short dark triad
same idea as the dark triad, just shorter
subclinical meaning
you have some of the traits of a psychological disorder
but you don’t meet the full criteria
ie. people can be high on certain traits but not have a personality disorder
international personality item pool
assesses the Big Five
scoring system:
0 = not at all accurate
1 = a little accurate
2 = moderately accurate
3 = quite a bit accurate
4 = extremely accurate
advantages of online test administration
- less time consuming & expensive
- objective scoring
- accepted by younger employees
- prevents test takers from looking ahead at questions and changing their answers
4 projective tests
rorschach inkblot test
thematic apperception test (TAT)
word association & sentence completion
human figure drawing
projective tests have low…
reliability and validity
Sigmund Freud brief background
lived from 1856-1939
primarily in Vienna
created theory from personal experiences and memories
Freud’s Austria
characterized by even more rigorous form of Victorian sexual morality than England
intense moral pre-occupation with sexuality, particularly in women and children
young women were expected not to have sex until marriage
sexual exploration and masturbation were assiduously suppressed
- to Freud, saw sexuality as repressed into unconscious
- pressure cooker analogy
Freud - unusual, “perverse” sexual desires dominate the mind
in children, neurotic adults, normal adults
sexual desires became “unconscious” - no longer under control of person’s self-conscious and voluntary choices
manifested in person’s INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS:
- mistakes
- slips of the tongue
manifested also in MENTAL PATHOLOGIES:
- obsession
- paranoia
- hysteria
- anxiety
life of Freud
worked as clinical neurologist
studied with Charcot
explored benefits of cocaine
developed psychoanalytic practice
developed group of disciples
escaped Nazi invasion
Freud’s ideas on individual differences
people differ in their EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
which control expression of PRIMITIVE FORCES in personality
Freud’s ideas on adaptation and adjustment
mental health involves ability to LOVE and WORK
psychoanalysis provides method for OVERCOMING unconscious psych conflict
Freud’s ideas on cognitive processes
conscious experience often CAN’T BE TRUSTED
because of distortions produced by unconscious defense mechanisms
Freud’s ideas on culture
all societies deal with UNIVERSAL HUMAN CONFLICTS
leads to repression of individual desires
traditional religion is challenged as a shared defense mechanism
Freud’s ideas on biological influences
psychiatric symptoms = explained in PSYCHODYNAMIC terms instead of BIOLOGICAL terms
BIOLOGICAL DRIVES (particularly sexual motivation) provide BASIS of PERSONALITY
hereditary differences may INFLUENCE LEVEL of sexual drive (libido) and phenomena like homosexuality
Freud’s ideas on development
- experience in FIRST 5 YEARS = critical for personality formation
- oral, anal and phallic (Oedipal) psychosexual conflicts are central
- ADULT personality changes very little
studies of hysteria published by who?
Sigmund Freud
case of Anna O and use of hypnosis in treating hysteria
free association
psychic determinism
idea that unconscious forces have power to influence behaviour
traumatic events > physical changes in nervous system > anxiety symptoms later in life
reality anxiety
tangible dangers
neurotic anxiety
id versus ego
moral anxiety
id versus superego
