Lecture Sept 13

Question 1

humanistic approach’s explanation of aggression

Answer 1

people are basically good

aggression arises when something INTERFERES WITH NATURAL GROWTH PROCESS

1. basic needs aren’t met
2. poor self-image

Question 2

behavioural/social learning approach’s explanation of aggression

Answer 2

people LEARN to be aggressive

through aggressive behaviour being REWARDED

Question 3

cognitive approach’s explanation of aggression

Answer 3

certain CUES in the environment trigger NETWORK of aggressive thoughts and emotions

Question 4

psychoanalytic approach’s explanation of depression

Answer 4

depression results from HOLDING UNCONSCIOUS feelings of ANGER and HOSTILITY

Question 5

trait approach’s explanation of depression

Answer 5

focuses on identifying DEPRESSION-PRONE INDIVIDUALS

person’s general emotional levels at present can indicate that person’s emotions in the future

Question 6

personality and culture

Answer 6

cultural context influences PERSONALITY

cultural context influences INTERPRETATION of an individual’s BEHAVIOUR

individualistic versus collectivist cultures

Question 7

individuals in collectivist cultures

Answer 7

1. individuals integrated into STRONG COHESIVE GROUPS
2. self is viewed as INTERDEPENDENT with groups
3. GROUP GOALS take precedence over individual goals
4. people emphasize RELATEDNESS with groups

Question 8

individuals in individualistic cultures

Answer 8

1. individuals look after THEMSELVES and/or their IMMEDIATE families
2. self is viewed as INDEPENDENT from groups
3. INDIVIDUAL goals take precedence over group goals
4. ATTITUDES and PERSONAL NEEDS are important determinants of behaviour

Question 9

evaluation of personality is used for…

Answer 9

diagnosis, counselling, research, education

Question 10

2 principles of measurement

Answer 10

reliability

validity

Question 11

reliability

Answer 11

consistency of response to a psychological assessment device

Question 12

validity

Answer 12

extent to which an assessment device measures what it’s intended to measure

Question 13

self report inventories

Answer 13

people answer questions about their behaviours and feelings

ie. MMPI

Question 13

MMPI

Answer 13

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

objective personality measure

has multiple scales with many measurement items

Question 14

examples of MMPI scales

Answer 14

hypochondriasis

depression

hysteria

psychopathic deviate

masculinity/femininity

paranoia

schizophrenia

social introversion

Question 15

the dark triad/the dirty dozen scale

Answer 15

Likert scale - strongly agree to strongly disagree

items 1-4 assess MACHIAVELLIANISM

items 5-8 assess PSYCHOPATHY

items 9-12 assess NARCISSISM

Question 16

the dark triad of personality

Answer 16

machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism

Question 17

short dark triad

Answer 17

same idea as the dark triad, just shorter

Question 18

subclinical meaning

Answer 18

you have some of the traits of a psychological disorder

but you don’t meet the full criteria

ie. people can be high on certain traits but not have a personality disorder

Question 19

international personality item pool

Answer 19

assesses the Big Five

scoring system:
0 = not at all accurate
1 = a little accurate
2 = moderately accurate
3 = quite a bit accurate
4 = extremely accurate

Question 20

advantages of online test administration

Answer 20

1. less time consuming & expensive
2. objective scoring
3. accepted by younger employees
4. prevents test takers from looking ahead at questions and changing their answers

Question 21

4 projective tests

Answer 21

rorschach inkblot test

thematic apperception test (TAT)

word association & sentence completion

human figure drawing

Question 22

projective tests have low…

Answer 22

reliability and validity

Question 23

Sigmund Freud brief background

Answer 23

lived from 1856-1939

primarily in Vienna

created theory from personal experiences and memories

Question 24

Freud's Austria

Answer 24

characterized by even more rigorous form of Victorian sexual morality than England intense moral pre-occupation with sexuality, particularly in women and children young women were expected not to have sex until marriage sexual exploration and masturbation were assiduously suppressed - to Freud, saw sexuality as repressed into unconscious - pressure cooker analogy

Question 25

Freud - unusual, "perverse" sexual desires dominate the mind

Answer 25

in children, neurotic adults, normal adults sexual desires became "unconscious" - no longer under control of person's self-conscious and voluntary choices manifested in person's INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS: - mistakes - slips of the tongue manifested also in MENTAL PATHOLOGIES: - obsession - paranoia - hysteria - anxiety

Question 26

life of Freud

Answer 26

worked as clinical neurologist studied with Charcot explored benefits of cocaine developed psychoanalytic practice developed group of disciples escaped Nazi invasion

Question 27

Freud's ideas on individual differences

Answer 27

people differ in their EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS which control expression of PRIMITIVE FORCES in personality

Question 28

Freud's ideas on adaptation and adjustment

Answer 28

mental health involves ability to LOVE and WORK psychoanalysis provides method for OVERCOMING unconscious psych conflict

Question 29

Freud's ideas on cognitive processes

Answer 29

conscious experience often CAN'T BE TRUSTED because of distortions produced by unconscious defense mechanisms

Question 30

Freud's ideas on culture

Answer 30

all societies deal with UNIVERSAL HUMAN CONFLICTS leads to repression of individual desires traditional religion is challenged as a shared defense mechanism

Question 31

Freud's ideas on biological influences

Answer 31

psychiatric symptoms = explained in PSYCHODYNAMIC terms instead of BIOLOGICAL terms BIOLOGICAL DRIVES (particularly sexual motivation) provide BASIS of PERSONALITY hereditary differences may INFLUENCE LEVEL of sexual drive (libido) and phenomena like homosexuality

Question 32

Freud's ideas on development

Answer 32

1. experience in FIRST 5 YEARS = critical for personality formation 2. oral, anal and phallic (Oedipal) psychosexual conflicts are central 3. ADULT personality changes very little

Question 33

studies of hysteria published by who?

Answer 33

Sigmund Freud case of Anna O and use of hypnosis in treating hysteria free association

Question 34

psychic determinism

Answer 34

idea that unconscious forces have power to influence behaviour traumatic events > physical changes in nervous system > anxiety symptoms later in life

Question 35

reality anxiety

Answer 35

tangible dangers

Question 36

neurotic anxiety

Answer 36

id versus ego

Question 37

moral anxiety

Answer 37

id versus superego